In this paper we highlight the specific meaning of images of fuzzy sets under fuzzy relations in the context of fuzzy topology. More precisely we show that fuzzy modifiers taking direct and superdirect images of fuzzy sets under fuzzy pre-orderings are respectively closure and interior operators, inducing fuzzy topologies. Furthermore we investigate under which conditions the same applies to th...

In the usual [0, 1]-based fuzzy logic, the actual numerical value of a fuzzy degree can be different depending on a scale, what is important – and scale-independent – is the order between different values. To make a description of fuzziness more adequate, it is reasonable to consider interval-valued degrees instead of numerical ones. Here also, what is most important is the order between the de...

In 1965 L. A Zadeh [11] introduced fuzzy sets as a generalization of ordinary sets. After that C. L. Chang [2] introduced fuzzy topology and that led to the discussion of various aspects of L-topology by many authors. The Čech closure spaces introduced by Čech E. [1] is a generalization of the topological spaces. The theory of fuzzy closure spaces has been established by Mashhour and Ghanim [4]...

While there is a significant amount of research on integration differences across countries, the integration variations across industry or market capitalization groups within a single country have been largely unexplored. The degree of integration, however, varies widely crosssectionally. In this paper, we analyze the degree of integration of Russian stocks grouped into five size and five indus...

Network sensors consist of sensor nodes in which every node covers a limited area. The most common use ofthese networks is in unreachable fields.Sink is a node that collects data from other nodes.One of the main challenges in these networks is the limitation of nodes battery (power supply). Therefore, the use oftopology control is required to decrease power consumption and increase network acce...

Let $R$ be an associative ring and let $M$ be a left $R$-module.Let $Spec_{R}(M)$ be the collection of all prime submodules of $M$ (equipped with classical Zariski topology). There is a conjecture which says that every irreducible closed subset of $Spec_{R}(M)$ has a generic point. In this article we give an affirmative answer to this conjecture and show that if $M$ has a Noetherian spectrum, t...