This study examines the prosodic marking of topic constructions in Mandarin Chinese. The findings suggest that, even though on the surface there are prosodic markings that differentiate topics from comments, the difference is the product of the prosodic phrasing, coupled with the declination and final lowering, in that a topic construction is usually decomposed into to two prosodic constituents...

Ionospheric scintillation disturbs radio frequency signals affecting navigation based on Global Navigation System (GNSS), especially in Brazil, due to the large magnetic declination. The generation of real-time maps is an important way provide monitoring. This work considers amplitude scintillation, given by S4 index. Some existing and some proposed approaches for generating these are presented...

A realistic fully time-dependent computer model, denominated LION (Low-latitude Ionospheric) model, that simulates the dynamic behavior of the low-latitude ionosphere is presented. The time evolution and spatial distribution of the ionospheric particle densities and velocities are computed by numerically solving the time-dependent, coupled, nonlinear system of continuity and momentum equations ...