Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a membrane-based renewable energy technology that can harvest energy from salinity gradients. The anticipated feed streams are natural river and seawater, both of which contain not only monovalent ions but also divalent ions. However, RED using feed streams containing divalent ions experiences lower power densities because of both uphill transport and increased ...

Correct interpretation of mass spectra is essential to our understanding of the ion chemistry occurring in the gas phase inside mass spectrometers and for constructing a solid knowledge from which mass spectrometry (MS) data of novel molecules will be interpreted. Assignments of product ions leading to incorrect dissociation mechanisms can also be dangerous in several disciplines such as in for...

Chlorella autotrophica (Clone 580) grows over the external salinity range of 1 to 400% artificial sea water (ASW), can photosynthesize over the range from 1 to 600% ASW, and survives the complete evaporation of seawater. The alga grown at high salinities shows an increase in cell volume and a small decrease in cell water content. Measurements of ion content were made by neutron activation analy...

Surface polarization in ion-containing heterogeneous dielectric media such as cell media and emulsions is determined by and determines the positions of the ions. We compute the surface polarization self-consistently as the ions move and analyze their effects on the interactions between electro-neutral, ion-containing droplets using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations based on the true...

Heavy metal contamination is one of the major concerns to human health because these substances are toxic and retained by the ecological system. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a pressing need for fast and reliable methods for the analysis of heavy metal ions in environmental and biological samples. Quantum dots (QDs) have facilitated the development of sensitive sensors over the pas...

The presence of metal ions in aqueous solutions represents a major environmental problem. These inorganic species are persistent and non-biodegradable pollutants that should be eliminated from water. In the recent years biosorption have emerged as an economical and environmental friendly method for the decontamination of polluted water. The present work represents a review of the recently publi...

Quinols (5a-c) generate the corresponding aryloxenium ions (6a-c) reversibly at pH 1.0 (0.1M HClO4, 30C) although they are stable for a duration of at least 2-3 weeks at pH 4.6 and pH 7.1 at 30C. Kinetics of decomposition of the parent quinols has been monitored by HPLC in the presence and absence of a trapping agent, Br. In the presence of Br, both bromo adduct and dienonephenol rearranged pro...

High incidence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDU) prevalent in many countries (e.g., Sri Lanka, equatorial America) is reviewed in the context of recent experimental work and using our understanding of the hydration of ions and proteins. Qualitative considerations based on Hofmeister-type action of these ions, as well as quantitative electrochemical models for the Gibbs free e...

The Co(III) atom in the title complex, [CoCl(2)(C(40)H(48)N(4))]ClO(4), is octa-hedrally coordinated within a trans-Cl(2)N(4) donor set provided by the tetra-dentate macrocylic ligand and two chloride ions. The N-H atoms, which are orientated to one side of the N(4) plane, form hydrogen bonds with chloride ions and perchlorate-O atoms. These along with C-H⋯O inter-actions consolidate the three-...

We have followed the in vitro degradation of rat histidine decarboxylase in a reconstituted system, containing only rat histidine decarboxylase (obtained by in vitro transcription and translation), calcium ions in the millimolar range of concentrations, and m-calpain. Under the experimental conditions used, m-calpain quickly and efficiently degraded rat histidine decarboxylase, giving rise to a...