A bonus-malus system (BMS) serves not only as a fair rating system but also as a mechanism to avoid adverse selection by developing an applied premium based on the claim experience of a policy. This paper analyzes how a BMS could work for these two concepts: achieving fairness among policies and mitigating adverse selection. The purpose is to understand how the transition rules, the number of c...

Thirteen sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) primers combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to evaluate the genetic relationships among 24 genotypes of the genus Malus Mill. including Sect. Malus, Baccatus, Sorbomalus and Chloromeles. Out of 115 surveyed fragments, 107 (93.04%) were polymorphic. Coefficients of genetic similarity ranged from 0.538 to 0.868, with an a...

Flower development in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) extends over two consecutive seasons. During the first season, most shoot apical meristems change to reproductive growth and initiate flowers. After winter dormancy, flower development continues during the second season and ends with anthesis in the spring. To determine the beginning of the transition to reproductive growth at the molecular l...

Studies were designed to examine the effects of host plants (apple, Malus domestica Borkh., and peach, Prunus persica L.) on the development of oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Oriental fruit moth larvae developed faster on peach than on apple, both on fruit as well as on growing terminal shoots. On fruit, these differences were shown to cause signific...

The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne ulmi is synonymised with Meloidogyne mali based on morphological and morphometric similarities, common hosts, as well as biochemical similarities at both protein and DNA levels. M. mali was first described in Japan on Malus prunifolia Borkh.; and M. ulmi in Italy on Ulmus chenmoui W.C. Cheng. Morphological and morphometric studies of their holo- and paratypes ...

Malus sieversii from Central Asia is a progenitor of the modern domesticated apple (Malus × domestica). Several accessions of M. sieversii are highly resistant to the postharvest pathogen Penicillium expansum. A previous study identified the qM-Pe3.1 QTL on LG3 for resistance to P. expansum in the mapping population GMAL4593, developed using the resistant accession, M. sieversii -PI613981, and ...

The family of resistance gene analogues (RGAs) with a nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain accounts for the largest number of disease resistance genes and is one of the largest gene families in plants. We have identified 868 RGAs in the genome of the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivar 'Golden Delicious'. This represents 1.51% of the total number of predicted genes for this cultivar. Seve...