While researchers have analysed how multinational enterprises (MNEs) cope with the challenges and risks related to undertaking foreign direct investment (FDI), their findings only led a partial understanding of optimal risk involved in knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship strategies chosen by MNEs at time entry, innovative ecosystems which they operate. Moreover, particularly post-entry stage, ...

This paper proposes a real options model for a duopoly faced with an exogenous entry of a third competitor that can expand the market. Usually market positions appear as a stable status quo situation. Competition exists while the duopoloy places are available and both firms fight for them, but after the entry of the follower, no more competitive damages or benefits are considered. The proposed ...

Learners sometimes have incoherent and fragmented intuitive prior knowledge that is (partly) "incompatible" with the to-be-learned contents. Such knowledge in pieces can cause conceptual disorientation and cognitive overload while learning. We hypothesized that a pre-training intervention providing a generalized schema as a structuring framework for such knowledge in pieces would support (re)or...

Ojala, Arto Internationalization of software firms: Finnish small and medium-sized software firms in Japan Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2008, 57 p. (+ articles) (Jyväskylä Studies in Computing, ISSN 1456-5390; 89) ISBN 978-951-39-3251-0 (PDF), 978-951-39-3130-8 (nid.) Finnish summary Diss. This dissertation investigates internationalization of small and medium-sized software firms first ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the pursuit of achievement goals in medical students and to assess the relationship between achievement goals, learning strategy, and motivation. METHODS Two hundred seventy freshman and sophomore premedical students and sophomore medical school students participated in this study, which used the Achievement Goals Scale and the Self-Regulate...

The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA) of 1982 made it more attractive for health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other competitive medical plans to enter into risk contracts with Medicare. Since the start of the TEFRA program in April 1985, more than 160 HMOs have had risk contracts with Medicare under the program. An investigation of factors associated with TEFRA risk-marke...

This paper provides intangible trade data for an important U.S. export industry during a period when official data are very thin. It examines what modes firms use to export intangible assets. It uses a novel data source that provides very detailed information on export modal choice and market entry costs. Motion picture exporters use different modes of entry across markets. Exporters use more i...

Trade costs have fallen surprisingly little given the large increase in international trade in the last 50 years. This paper examines whether trade costs are properly measured. I show theoretically that trade weighted measures will underestimate the changes in trade costs when there are fixed market entry costs and quality differences. Newly traded goods enter at higher trade costs than previou...

I show in this paper that incomplete contracts affect a firm’s decision about serving foreign customers through exports or local sales from an affiliated plant. When contracts between two agents within a firm are too costly to write, the share of multinational firms may be higher or lower compared to a world without contractual frictions. Incomplete contracts also provide a novel explanation fo...

We use a novel approach to identify price effects in a differentiated products demand system for drugs used to treat ADHD and find that the demand for ADHD drugs is elastic and there are significant substitution possibilities within and across molecules and delivery mechanisms. The first-time introduction of a generic drug shows large welfare gains due to expansion of the market to price sensit...