In the previous papers, the idea of “hidden oscillations” has been applied to explain work generation in semiconductor photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric generators. The aim of this paper is firstly to extend this approach to fuel cells and, secondly, to create a unified quantum model for all types of such devices. They are treated as electron pumps powered by heat or chemical engines. The w...

the history of legislations and statutory law securities markets in iran represents a scattered and haphazard adoption for other jurisdictions without a proper attention to the theoretical foundations of foreign laws. this has led to incompetent and alien laws to the indigenous conditions. as such a theoretical investigation of the foundations and policies behind such laws is inevitable. as far...

One of the nice things about purely functional languages is that functions often satisfy simple properties, and enjoy simple algebraic relationships. Indeed, if the functions of an API satisfy elegant laws, that in itself is a sign of a good design— the laws not only indicate conceptual simplicity, but are useful in practice for simplifying programs that use the API, by equational reasoning or ...

There has been recent interest in novel human-machine collaborative control laws, called “virtual fixtures,” which provide operator assistance for telemanipulation tasks. A forbidden-region virtual fixture is a constraint, implemented in software, that seeks to prevent the slave manipulator of a master/slave telemanipulation system from entering into a forbidden region of the workspace. In this...

Three different approaches for the determination of conservation laws of differential equations are presented. For three corresponding REDUCE computer algebra programs CONLAW1/2/3 the necessary subroutines are described. One of them simplifies general solutions of overdetermined PDE systems so that all remaining free functions and constants correspond to independent conservation laws. It determ...

Laws and regulations are among the most effective mechanisms for getting large segments of the population to adopt safety behaviors. These have been applied at both the state and federal levels for diverse injury issues. Certain legal actions are taken to prevent the occurrence of an otherwise injury-producing event, while other legal actions are designed to prevent injury once an event has occ...

LAW and ORDER in ALGORITHMICS An algorithm is the input-output effect of a computer program; mathematically, the notion of algorithm comes close to the notion of function. Just as arithmetic is the theory and practice of calculating with numbers, so is ALGORITHMICS the theory and practice of calculating with algorithms. Just as a law in arithmetic is an equation between numbers, like a(b + c) =...