identity, a series of traits and characteristics that makes a person or a member of the community come to a kind of “ recognition” about individuals and other communities; the city also, following the example of this criterion gains character and gets independent. identity in the city, through the creation and association with “public memories” of citizens causes the sense of interest and depen...

BACKGROUND Predicting effects of rapid climate change on populations depends on measuring the effects of climate stressors on performance, and potential for adaptation. Adaptation to stressful climatic conditions requires heritable genetic variance for stress tolerance present in populations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We quantified genetic variation in tolerance of early development of t...

OBJECTIVE This paper argues for an additional indicator for measuring progress of the Millennium Development Goal for maternal health-the availability of emergency obstetric care. METHODS MDG monitoring will be based on two indicators: the maternal mortality ratio and the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel. Strengths and weaknesses of a third indicator are discussed RESULTS ...

Technical interventions for maternal healthcare are implemented through a dynamic social process. Peoples' behaviours--whether they be planners, managers, providers, or potential users--influence the outcomes. Given the complexity and unpredictability inherent in such dynamic processes, the proposed cause-and-effect relationships in any one context cannot be directly transferred to another. Whi...

More than two decades after the launch of the Safe Motherhood Initiative (Nairobi 1987) , maternal health in many developing countries has shown little or no improvement. Year after year, more than half a million mothers continue to die in silence. The specificities of the complex cross-cutting issue only partly explain why tireless efforts have led to insufficient progress so far. While some s...

Identity has remained a popular concept for many decades, being widely used in scientific research. This reflects not only the importance of phenomena standing behind this notion, but also wide and deep changes accompanying transition societies from industrial to post-industrial, late modern, post-modern, network or information society. Regardless disputes about nature new era, researchers agre...

BACKGROUND While the primary goal of the NW Alaska Native maternal transport is safe deliveries for mothers from remote villages, little has been done to question the impact of transport on the mothers and communities involved. This study explores how presence of Iñupiat values influences the desire of indigenous women of differing eras and NW Alaska villages to participate in biomedical birth,...

We examined the potential for the widely consumed xenobiotic ethanol to transplacentally induce fetal rat CYP2E1. Throughout gestation, rat dams were fed a liquid diet containing 5% ethanol or two separate control diets. At 2 days before term, the dams were killed, and maternal and embryonic tissues were collected. Immunoblot analysis of microsomes from fetal liver, placenta and maternal brain ...