glassy carbon (gc) is the most commonly used carbon-based electrode in the analytical laboratory. because of the high background current and low electrode response, modification of this electrode can be done by various materials and techniques. an ionic liquid (il), 1-methyl-3-(3-trimethoxysilyl propyl) imidazoliumbis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, was covalently cross linked onto the gc surf...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of prolonged cycling exercise on metabolic, neuromuscular, and biomechanical parameters. METHODS Eight well-trained male cyclists or triathletes performed a 2-h cycling exercise at a power output corresponding to 65% of their maximal aerobic power. Maximal concentric (CON; 60, 120, 240 degrees x s(-1)), isometric (ISO; 0 degrees s(-...

The potential capacity of larval growth and immune response traits of the autumnal moth to adapt to heavy metal polluted environment was tested experimentally. Both the relative growth rate (RGR) and pupal weight were significantly higher in control trees than on polluted trees, indicating that metal pollution prevented the insect from achieving maximal growth on birch leaves. Larval growth rat...

The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship of the "fat burning" and aerobic zones. Subjects consisted of 36 relatively fit runners (20 male, 16 female) who completed a maximal exercise test to exhaustion on a motor-driven treadmill. The lower and upper limit of the "fat burning" zone was visually assessed by examining each individual graph. Maximal fat oxidation (MFO) w...

The mechanism of augmentation of the primary antibody response in vitro by 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) was investigated. By using cystine-free RPMI 1640 medium, it was demonstrated that cyst(e)ine was absolutely required for eliciting the following murine lymphocyte reactions: antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, proliferative response to concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and polyclo...

We evaluated the factors that determine the heart rate response to exercise in 60 patients with atrial fibrillation (25 men and 35 women, with a mean age of 61+/-10 years) who underwent symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise testing with blood sampling of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 2-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Atrial muscles resected during the Maze opera...

Age-related deterioration of pacemaker function has been documented in mammals, including humans. In aged isolated sinoatrial node tissues and cells, reduction in the spontaneous action potential (AP) firing rate was associated with deterioration of intracellular and membrane mechanisms; however, their relative contribution to age-associated deficient pacemaker function is not known. Interestin...

Oligogalacturonic acid (OGA) affects plant growth and development in an antagonistic manner to that of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the mechanism by which remains to be determined. This study describes the relationship between IAA and OGA activity in intact cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings. Both OGA and IAA induced rapid and transient extracellular alkalinization; however, the char...