Some epithelial cells display asymmetry along an axis orthogonal to the apical-basal axis, referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP). A Frizzled-mediated feedback loop coordinates PCP between neighboring cells, and the cadherin Fat transduces a global directional cue that orients PCP with respect to the tissue axes. The feedback loop can propagate polarity across clones of cells that lack the g...

The respiratory control system is not just reflexive, it is smart, it learns, and, in fact, it has a memory. The respiratory system listens to and carefully remembers how previous stimuli affect breathing. Respiratory memory is laid down by adjusting synaptic strength between respiratory neurons. For example, repeated hypoxic bouts trigger a form of respiratory memory that functions to strength...

The mammalian stress response is an integrated physiological and psychological reaction to real or perceived adversity. Glucocorticoids are an important component of this response, acting to redistribute energy resources to both optimize survival in the face of challenge and to restore homeostasis after the immediate challenge has subsided. Release of glucocorticoids is mediated by the hypothal...

We examined function of the feedback pathway from A17 GABAergic amacrine cells to rod bipolar cells (A17 feedback), a critically located inhibitory circuit in the classic rod pathway of the mammalian retina whose role in processing of scotopic visual information is still poorly understood. We show evidence that this A17 feedback has a profound influence on the temporal properties of rod-driven ...

Retinal horizontal cells (HCs) feed back negatively to cone photoreceptors and in that way generate the center/surround organization of bipolar cell receptive fields. The mechanism by which HCs inhibit photoreceptors is a matter of debate. General consensus exists that horizontal cell activity leads to the modulation of the cone Ca-current. This modulation has two components, one fast and the o...

The negative feedback mechanism is essential to maintain effective immunity and tissue homeostasis. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D3) modulates innate immune response, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this article, we report that vitamin D receptor signaling attenuates TLR-mediated inflammation by enhancing the negative feedback inhibition. Vitamin D receptor inactivation lea...

Based on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), an experimental study with middle school students participating in a physical education task and a correlational study with highly talented sport students investigated the motivating role of positive competence feedback on participants' well-being, performance, and intention to participate. In Study 1, structural equation modeling favored ...

This research focused on the processes individuals use to regulate their goals across time. Two studies examined goal regulation following task performance with 6 samples of participants in a series of 8-trial task performance experiments. The experiments involved: (a) 3 task types, (b) 2 goal types, and (c) actual or manipulated performance feedback referring to the focal participant's own per...

Despite predictions following from cognitive theories of anxiety, evidence for memory biases in social anxiety has been mixed. This study extends previous research by using stimuli relevant to participants' concerns and allowing time for post-event processing. Participants high (n=42) or low (n=39) in social anxiety symptoms gave speeches and received standardized feedback on their and a confed...

this study is an attempt tofind the effect of four types of feedback(direct,underline,code,translation)on the writing performance of iranian learners ofjapanese as a foreign language.in this research,we have tried to suggest new ways of correcting students’writing through giving different kinds of feedback in the process of learning to write.the study focused on the accuracy of using prepositio...