Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering and Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, MRC-Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK, Institute of Medical Technology and Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, Tampere FI-33014, Fin...

The DM-4 humanmelanomacell line, which is highlymetastaticin nudemice,expresses a C3-cleavingactivitythatproteolyzes labeledaswell asunlabeledhumanC3. ThisC3-cleavingactivityisa cysteineproteinase characterized by a Mr 41,000. The p41 proteinase shares antigenic deter minants with murine p39 procathepsin-L and human procathepsin-L. Preincubation of DM4 cells with anti.p39 F(ab')2 induced up to ...

The selective killing of cancer cells and the avoidance of drug resistance are still difficult challenges in cancer therapy. Here, we report a new strategy that uses enzyme-induced gain of function (EIGF) to regulate the structure and function of phosphorylated melittin analogues (MelAs). Original MelAs have the capacity to disrupt plasma membranes and induce cell death without selectivity. How...

The clinical features of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) are not uniform. We herein report a male patient with unusual MELAS-like encephalopathy who had been experiencing isolated recurrent stroke-like episodes since he was 33 years old without any particular family history. Despite an extensive investigation, he had no other signs sugge...

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique used to obtain three-dimensional information on the retina. In this article, we evaluated structural neuro-retinal abnormalities, especially thickness in ganglion cell complex (GCC), patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). The GCC MELAS was significantly thinner than that n...

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BACKGROUND Mitochondrial DNA point mutations are especially deleterious to tissues with high energy demand, including the peripheral nervous system. Neuropathy has been associated with several mitochondrial diseases, including MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes). OBJECTIVE To evaluate nerve conduction in a genotypically and phenotypically homogene...

[i] Valley networks on Mars are the most obvious features attesting that different geologic processes and possibly climatic conditions existed in the past. THEMIS images reveal valley networks within Melas Chasma, in Valles Marineris, a Hesperian-age canyon system. The valley networks in Melas Chasma are dense and highly organized, and the heads of the valleys are scattered at different elevati...

We report a new pattern of usage in current, spoken Italian that has implications for both psycholinguistic models of language production and linguistic theories of language change. In Italian, gender agreement is mandatory for both singular and plural nouns. However, when two or more nouns of different grammatical gender appear in a conjoined noun phrase (NP), masculine plural agreement is req...

Reputation mechanisms used by platform markets suffer from two problems. First, buyers may draw conclusions about the quality of the platform from single transactions, causing a reputational externality. Second, reputation measures may be coarse or biased, preventing buyers from making proper inferences. We document these problems using eBay data and claim that platforms can benefit from identi...