The Russian Federation, with its plans to regain influence over former Soviet bloc countries, currently constitutes the main military danger for EU and NATO. Because war is so close EU’s borders, European allies have every reason increase army financing instead of fuelling a transatlantic disagreement about burden sharing. This article deals question whether high strategic threat posed by Russi...

I investigate how the third wave of democracy influenced national defense spending by reference to a panel 110 countries over 1972–2013 period. apply new data from Stockholm International Peace Research Institute on military expenditures, which has been extended years prior 1988, and four measures address differences among indices democracy. The results dynamic model suggest that democracy’s re...

manoeuvre, is one of the principles of war in most of the world’s armies. mobility and manoeuvre of the operational and support forces in the battle fields occur in bed of natural and cultural geographic factors, i.e, avenue approach and frontier transportation networks. so for this reason analyzing this geographical factors in skills such as line identification in tactical and operational leve...

Introduction The etiologic agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis (E. canis), is a small pleomorphic gram-negative coccoid bacteria that parasitizes circulating monocytes intracytoplasmically in clusters of organisms called morulae. The disease is also known as canine rickettsiosis, canine hemorrhagic fever, tracker dog disease, canine tick typhus, Nairobi ...

Abstract The article applies the economic theory of alliances to uncover military expenditure burden sharing in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during 1991–2020, prior Russia’s invasion Ukraine February 2022. In so doing, our analysis accounts for relative locations NATO allies through various spatial or weights applied allies’ defense spending. Such include membership status, contigu...

We correct the double spend race analysis given in Nakamoto’s foundational Bitcoin article and give a closed-form formula for the probability of success of a double spend attack using the Regularized Incomplete Beta Function. We give the first proof of the exponential decay on the number of confirmations and find an asymptotic formula. Larger number of confirmations are necessary compared to th...

We study the problem of preventing double spending in electronic payment schemes in a distributed fashion. This problem occurs, for instance, when the spending of electronic coins needs to be controlled by a large collection of nodes (e.g., in a peer-to-peer (P2P) system) instead of one central bank. Contrary to the commonly held belief that this is fundamentally impossible, we propose several ...

Micropayment systems are electronic payment systems that are used for very small payment and for their viability must have small transaction cost. In this paper we propose a coin-based micropayment scheme that uses a probabilistic fraud checking with distributed verification to provide an efficient solution to detect double spending by malicious customers and hence reduces the risk on the merch...