In this study, the energy consumption in the food and beverage industries of Iran was investigated. The energy consumption in this sector was modeled using artificial neural network (ANN), response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA). First, the input data to the model were calculated according to the statistical source, balance-sheets and the method proposed in this paper. It ...

Environmental impacts of energy use can impose large costs on society. We quantify and monetize the life-cycle climate-change and health effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) and fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) emissions from gasoline, corn ethanol, and cellulosic ethanol. For each billion ethanol-equivalent gallons of fuel produced and combusted in the US, the combined climate-change and health co...

BACKGROUND We examined whether sales of new motorcycles was a mechanism to explain the relationship between motorcycle fatalities and gasoline prices. METHODS The data came from the Motorcycle Industry Council, Energy Information Administration and Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1984-2009. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regressions estimated the effect of inflation-a...

The main types of oxygenates, which are used in the manufacture motor gasoline, considered. Oxygenates (oxygen-containing compounds) is general name for lower alcohols and ethers as high-octane components fuels. For a low-octane base to added. In many cases, (methanol, ethanol, etc.) (methyl tert-butyl ether, tert-amyl methyl gasoline. Straight-run gasoline stable often mixed Methanol (CH3OH) s...

gasoline is the most important energy product in the passenger transportation sector in iran. gasoline demand survey has a high priority in iran because of its ever-increasing consumption. the most important challenges for this purpose are uncertainties resulting from structural failure of economy, changing of policies and lack of accurate data. this research aims to specify the variables expla...

the effects of unleaded gasoline and unleaded gasoline–ethanol blends on engine performance and pollutant emissions were investigated experimentally in a single cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine with variable engine speeds (2600–3500 rpm). four different blends on a volume basis were applied. these are e0 (0% ethanol + 100% unleaded gasoline), e3 (3% ethanol + 97% unleaded gasoline), ...

The mutagenicity of motor vehicle exhausts has been studied by using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Acetone extracts of the particulate phase and the gas phase have been tested in the presence and absence of a metabolizing system (S9). The particulate phases from medium- and heavy-duty diesel vehicles were tested. The vehicles were driven according to a modified 13 mode test, ...

Technologies influencing alternative means of transportation have been expanding in recent years due to increasing urbanization and motorization. In this paper, a solar powered electric auto-rickshaw (SPEA) is designed and developed for Indian conditions. The vehicle developed is comprehensively analyzed techno-economically for its viability in the Indian market. The performance analysis of SPE...

The technologies influencing alternative ways of transportation are augmenting in recent years due to increasing urbanization and motorization. In this paper, a solar powered electric autorickshaw (SPEA) is designed and developed for Indian conditions. The developed vehicle is comprehensively analyzed techno-economically for its viability in the Indian market. The performance analysis of SPEA r...

The long trends of fuel price increase along with increasing transit ridership over the past few decades has been established by past transit research. However, in 2008, there has been a drastic drop in the prices of oil, which has had significant effects on consumption patterns of gasoline. The objectives of this paper are two folds; firstly to ascertain the nature of the gasoline-transit ride...