Although control is presumed to be necessary to curb opportunism, its implementation in alliances can be costly and challenging. Paradoxically, some contemporary firms have counterintuitively developed successful alliances without extensive formal control. A widespread but untested assertion that might help reconcile this contradiction is that technological modularity reduces the need for allia...

Form is a rich concept that agglutinates information about the proportions and topological arrangement of body parts. Modularity is readily measurable in both features, the variation of proportions (variational modules) and the organization of topology (organizational modules). The study of variational modularity and of organizational modularity faces similar challenges regarding the identifica...

Discovering community structure is fundamental for uncovering the links between structure and function in complex networks and modularity optimization is the widely accepted method for this issue. However, there is no consensus criteria for measuring the community structure. In this paper, we propose a new quantitative function for community partition–i.e., generalized modularity or M value. We...

Modularity has been explored as an important quantitative metric for community and cluster detection in networks. Finding the maximum modularity of a given graph has been proven to be NPcomplete and therefore, several heuristic algorithms have been proposed. We investigate the problem of finding the maximum modularity of classes of graphs that have the same number of links and/or nodes and dete...

clustering performance on real-world networks Traditionally, performance of clustering methods on networks with unknown correct clustering solutions is measured in terms of modularity (“Q”). Modularity measures the number of within-community connections, relative to the number expected at random. This measure has a maximum value of 1, but in practice maximum possible Q-value will be less than 1...

ABSRTACT Basically involvement of modularity in the manufacturing of products produced some effects extensively in development. This Paper presents a methodology of modular based design in different conceptual stages of manufacturing system to support modularity. The results of the study will identify that how the modularity also influence the time and cost factors by functional changes in proc...

Modularity is a quantitative measure for characterizing the existence of a community structure in a network. A network’s modularity depends on the chosen partitioning of the network into communities, which makes finding the specific partition that leads to the maximum modularity a hard problem. In this paper, we prove that deciding whether a graph with a given number of links, number of communi...

An orthodoxy in classical cognitive science is that representation is symbolic and that functional architecture is modular. That modular theory is the cornerstone of Cognitive Neuropsychology (CN), which identifies functionally discrete neurocomputational entities by observing psychological disorder. While the symbolic theory of representation is optional for CN, the modular hypothesis is essen...

Modularity Michael Abbott, Neil Ghani, and Christoph Lüth 1 Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Leicester [email protected], [email protected] 2 FB 3 – Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Bremen [email protected] Abstract. Modular rewriting seeks criteria under which rewrite systems Modular rewriting seeks criteria under which rewrite systems inheri...

Understanding the modularity of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-derived brain networks or "connectomes" can inform the study of brain function organization. However, fMRI connectomes additionally involve negative edges, which may not be optimally accounted for by existing approaches to modularity that variably threshold, binarize, or arbitrarily weight these connections. Consequent...