Dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly affects water quality within boreal forest ecosystems. However, how the quality of DOM itself changes spatially is not well understood. In this study, to examine how the diversity of DOM molecules varies in water moving through a boreal forest, the number of DOM molecules in different water samples, i.e., rainwater, throughfall, soil water, groundwater, a...

introduction despite the fact that iran is one of the major chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) center of origins, limited information is available regarding chickpea genetic variation and diversity. genetic diversity information is crucial for the choice of proper parents to establish new breeding programs. chickpea germplasm is poor, suggesting the need for gaining enough knowledge of genetic diver...

Recently it has become evident that invertebrates may mount a highly variable immune response that is dependent on which pathogen is involved. The molecular mechanisms behind this diversity are beginning to be unravelled and in several invertebrate taxa immune proteins exhibiting a broad range of diversity have been found. In some cases, evidence has been gathered suggesting that this molecular...

Engineered protein libraries, defined here as a collection of different mutant variants of a single specific protein, are intentionally designed to be rich in molecular diversity and can span ranges from as little as 400 different variants to greater than 10(12) members per library. The goal of engineering libraries is to generate new protein variants, identified upon screening, that possess de...

A common problem in the emerging field of combinatorial drug design is the selection of an appropriate subset of compounds for chemical synthesis and biological evaluation. In this paper, we introduce a new family of selection algorithms that combine a stochastic search engine with a user-defined objective function that encodes any desirable selection criterion. The method is applied to the pro...

Little information is available on circulating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtypes and resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Albania. To fill this gap, we studied 72 plasma samples from HIV-infected individuals from throughout the country. Subtype classification and genotypic resistance analysis were performed on the HIV pol gene region. The analysis was successfully performed on 66 (91...

Our current understanding of the relationship between the dopaminergic system and human brain disorders is based on two fundamental discoveries: dopamine-replacement herapy can alleviate Parkinson’s disease (1-3) and, secondly, many antipsychotic drugs are dopamine receptor antagonists (4-7). These discoveries have guided two major directions in dopamine-related basic research and drug design: ...

1 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands, 2 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 3 Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Ibri Hospital, Ibri, Oman, 4 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, 5 Department of Med...

Over the last 10,000 years, crop domestication has been the single most important human cultural development. Grasses are prominent among these crops, and provide the vast majority of the world’s food. Similar traits have been selected during the domestication and breeding of these critically important grasses, and since they share a similar complement of genes, the same set of genes may have b...