This paper is intended to provide a numerical algorithm based on random sampling for solving the linear Volterra integral equations of the second kind. This method is a Monte Carlo (MC) method based on the simulation of a continuous Markov chain. To illustrate the usefulness of this technique we apply it to a test problem. Numerical results are performed in order to show the efficiency and accu...

potassium channels allow potassium flux and are essential for the generation of electric current acrossexcitable membranes. potassium channels are also the targets of various intracellular controlmechanisms; such that the suboptimal regulation of channel function might be related to pathologicalconditions. realistic studies of ion current in biologic channels present a major challenge for compu...

introduction: scattered photon is one of the main defects that degrade the quality and quantitative accuracy of nuclear medicine images. accurate estimation of scatter in projection data of spect is computationally extremely demanding for activity distribution in uniform and non-uniform dense media. methods: the objective of this paper is to develop and validate a scatter correction technique ...

background: obtaining high quality images in single photon emission tomography (spect) device  is the most important goal in nuclear medicine. because if image quality is low, the possibility of making a mistake in diagnosing and treating the patient will rise. studying effective factors in spatial resolution of imaging systems is thus deemed to be vital. one of the most important factors in sp...

introduction: in single photon emission computed tomography (spect), the projection data used for image reconstruction are distorted by several factors, including attenuation and scattering of gamma rays, collimator structure, data acquisition method, organ motion, and washout of radiopharmaceuticals. all these make reconstruction of a quantitative spect image very difficult. simulation of a sp...

introduction use of hadron therapy as an advanced radiotherapy technique is increasing. in this method, secondary particles are produced through primary beam interactions with the beam-transport system and the patient’s body. in this study, monte carlo simulations were employed to determine the dose of produced secondary particles, particularly neutrons during treatment. materials and methods i...

the monte carlo method can be used to describe any technique that approximates solutions to quantitative problems through statistical sampling. this method is considered to be the most accurate method for dose calculation in radiotherapy. for complete modeling of a linear accelerator, it is required that the manufactured information covers all data, but some data such as primary electron energy...

A combined Monte Carlo ~MC! simulation-statistical mechanical treatment is proposed to calculate the internal partition function and equilibrium constant. The method has been applied to a number of one and multidimensional analytical functions. When sampling is incomplete, various factorization approximations for estimating the partition function are discussed. The resulting errors are smaller ...

Monte Carlo (MC) is a well known method for quantifying uncertainty arising for example in subsurface flow problems. Although robust and easy to implement, MC suffers from slow convergence. Extending MC by means of multigrid techniques yields the multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method. MLMC has proven to greatly accelerate MC for several applications including stochastic ordinary equations in fin...

In this lecture, we cover the other major method for generating atomic trajectories: the Monte Carlo (MC) approach. Unlike MD, Monte Carlo methods are stochastic in nature—the time progression of the atomic positions proceeds randomly and is not predictable given a set of initial conditions. The dynamic principles by which we evolve the atomic positions incorporate random moves or perturbations...