introduction: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, which impairs memory and cognitive function. walnuts are a dietary source of polyphenols, antioxidants and other compounds with health beneficial effects. these characteristic of walnuts make them perfect candidates for evaluation of their possible effects on neurodegenerative diseases. therefore the present stu...

The Morris water maze is a spatial abilities test adapted from the animal spatial cognition literature and has been studied in the context of sex differences in humans. This is because its standard design, which manipulates proximal (close) and distal (far) cues, applies to human navigation. However, virtual Morris water mazes test navigation skills on a scale that is vastly smaller than natura...

Aim. To assess memory improvement and neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of Mitragyna inermis (M. inermis) leaf decoction on the central nervous system. Methodology. Leaf decoction of M. inermis was tested on learning and memory in normal and scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice using memory behavioral tests such as the Morris water maze, object recognition task, and elevated p...

background: cyclooxygenase (cox) enzyme known as a regulatory factor in synaptic plasticity. it has been reported that synaptic plasticity is one of the mechanisms involved in learning and memory processes. in the current study peripheral injection's effects of sodium salicylate (as a non selective cox inhibitor) on spatial learning and memory have been investigated. methods: four groups of mal...

AIM In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of repetitious concussions on the spatial learning and memory function in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS 46 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three homogenous groups by stratified random sampling according to their basal performance during the first four days of the Morris water maze (MWM), as Control (n=10), Sham (n=10) and Con...

New neurons are continuously generated in the adult hippocampus but their function remains a mystery. The nestin thymidine kinase (nestin-TK) transgenic method has been used for selective and conditional reduction of neurogenesis for the purpose of testing the functional significance of new neurons in learning, memory and motor performance. Here we explored the nestin-TK model on a hybrid genet...

The present study examined for the first time whether a Morris water-maze can be used to explore compass and other orientation mechanisms in the ruin lizard Podarcis sicula. In the open field, during sunny days, lizards were individually trained to swim from the center of the water maze onto a hidden platform (the goal), positioned at the periphery of the maze in a single compass direction. The...

Aging is a process that presents various alterations in physiological, behavioral and neurochemical processes. It causes impairment of CNS functions which lead to changes memory, cognition other performances. Reports have shown aging physiological functions. The aim the present study was evaluate cognitive relation aging. For this 20 male rats were taken, 10 young (4-6 months) old (18-22 months...

GluA1, GluA2, GluA3, and GluA4 are the constitutive subunits of amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), the major mediators of fast excitatory transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Most AMPARs are Ca(2+)-impermeable because of the presence of the GluA2 subunit. GluA2 mRNA undergoes an editing process that results in a Q-R substitution, a key factor...

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY It has been well established that cholinergic pathway plays an important role in learning and memory processes. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Morris water maze (MWM) training on spatial memory acquisition and expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in male rats. METHODS In this study, training trials of ...