The article aims to analyze and explain the recent developments challenges regarding jurisdictional immunity of international organizations in labour disputes, both by national courts, concluding with remarks on experience Colombian case law matter. uses case-law review comparative methodologies first main differences between diplomatic then, it describes current legal trends applicable relatio...

Recent years have seen a proliferation of problem solving courts designed to rehabilitate certain classes of offenders and thereby resolve the underlying problems that led to their court involvement in the first place. Some commentators have reacted positively to these courts, considering them an extension of the philosophy and logic of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, but others show concern that th...

Through the history and since 1933, the Iranian rial has declined from 11.2 rials per dollar to almost 8600 rials per dollar today in the parallel or black market. At the same time the official rate has been kept at artificial level most of the time, not consistent with other macro conditions of the country. Historically, however, the Central bank has adjusted the official rate and brought it i...

The vast majority of cases that are submitted to the Court Justice European Union (the Court) through preliminary reference procedure is contained in Article 267 TFEU come from lower instance national courts and tribunals EU Member States. As a result, it not always appellate courts, or higher tribunals, such as final appeal, which make orders for reference. Judicial dialogue between this notab...

As the technological revolution takes over world, justice system is also susceptible to change. The Online Court of England and Wales (‘OC’) an example such a step taken in that direction. However, some argue this has vast implications on access for ‘digitally excluded’ or Litigant-in-Persons (LIP). While argument warranted, it fails address two essential Courts: First, potential online courts ...

This paper develops a theory of the incompleteness of law. It argues that law is inherently incomplete and that the incompleteness of law has important implications for the design of lawmaking and law enforcement institutions. When law is incomplete, residual lawmaking rights must be allocated. In addition, agents have to be vested with law enforcement rights. We analyze the optimal allocation ...

The constantly increasing amount of opinionated texts found in the Web had a significant impact in the development of sentiment analysis. So far, the majority of the comparative studies in this field focus on analyzing fixed (offline) collections from certain domains, genres, or topics. In this paper, we present an online system for opinion mining and retrieval that is able to discover up-to-da...

recent experiences on disregarding the environment and continuous development have caused human to conclude that the only way to protect nature in long-term is to pay attention to environmental abilities and limitations. one of the most actions taken in this regard in management and development planning is to determine ecosystem vulnerabilities. in this way, by identifying vulnerable and sensit...

Growing concern about sexual abuse covers many kinds of perpetrators. Therapist and clergy abusers have been increasingly targeted, yet clergy counselors who sexually abuse their clients have so far largely escaped effective sanctions from the courts. This article identifies the justifications given by these courts, identifying and evaluating their supporting arguments. This analysis suggests t...

Recent developments at the international level reveal that there is an increasing number of political resistances against courts and tribunals as part wide criticism basic principles law such rule law, global governance, multilateralism democratic liberalism. In this respect, future impact judicialisation which refers to uneven increase in jurisdiction judicial activity courts, are questioned. ...