landscape fragmentation has threatened the landscape continuity of ray which was maintainedfrom prehistoric times until recent decades. from 19th century that tehran sprawl growth affected ray’slandscape as a satellite city of tehran, ray experienced rapid landscape fragmentation and underwent manychanges. in order to cope with the threat, the process of changes from landscape fragmentation sho...

Accurate measures of human effects on landscape processes require consideration of both the direct impacts from human activities and the indirect consequences of the interactions between humans and the landscape. This is particularly evident in systems experiencing regular natural disturbances such as in the mountainous areas of southwestern China, where the remaining population of giant pandas...

The Andean Amazon is an endangered biodiversity hot spot but its forest dynamics are less studied than those of the Amazon lowland and forests from middle or high latitudes. This is because its landscape variability, complex topography and cloudy conditions constitute a challenging environment for any remote-sensing assessment. Breakpoint detection with Landsat time-series data is an establishe...

This paper aims to provide guidance to ecologists with limited experience in spatial analysis to help in their choice of techniques. It uses examples to compare methods of spatial analysis for ecological field data. A taxonomy of different data types is presented, including pointand area-referenced data, with and without attributes. Spatially and non-spatially explicit data are distinguished. T...

Invertebrate herbivores are ubiquitous in most terrestrial ecosystems, and theory predicts that their impact on plant community biomass should depend on diversity and productivity of the associated plant communities. To elucidate general patterns in the relationship between invertebrate herbivory, plant diversity, and productivity, we carried out a long-term herbivore exclusion experiment at mu...

Human practices have had an impact on Mediterranean ecosystems for millennia, particularly through agricultural and pastoral activities. Since the mid-19th century, land-use abandonment has led to the expansion of shrubland and forest, especially in the mountainous areas of the northern Mediterranean basin. Knowledge of these factors is vital to understanding present forest patterns and predict...

Mining was part of the development industrial society and a driving force technological education economic growth region. After mining ceased, many sites their surrounding areas found themselves in state insecurity. Slovakia has had long rich history mountainous regions (e.g., Spiš, Gemer, well-known area around Banská Štiavnica). This research is focused on potential marginal Markušovce, Rudňa...

A triply-nested, movable mesh model ..~as used to study the effects of mountainous terrain on the landfall of tropical cyclones onto the islands of Japan. The integration domain spanned 43" latitude and 47" longitude with finest resolution of 1/6". Numerical experiments were separately performed for three cas4~s. In each experiment a storm was embedded onto a stationary Haurwitz type wave at th...

1. Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, U.S.A., [email protected] 2. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A., [email protected] 3. University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, U.S.A., [email protected] 4. Present address: Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, University Greifswald, Grimmer Strasse 88, Greifswald 17487, Germany, wilmking@uni-greifsw...

Cognitive ecology is a term that has been used in environments that are more tightly coupled and purposespecific than environments of everyday life. In this paper I consider cases from a cognitive ethnography of older adults. These cases show the analytical use of understanding the diachronic and synchronic cognitive ecology in which cognitive processes of everyday life occur. Specifically I di...