Although multiple predator effects and trophic cascades have both been demonstrated in a wide variety of ecosystems, ecologists have yet to incorporate these studies into an experimental framework that also manipulates a common and likely important factor, spatial heterogeneity. We manipulated habitat complexity, the presence of two top predators (toadfish and blue crabs), and one intermediate ...

In a companion paper [4], space-time layered architectures (BLAST) and turbo coding/processing techniques, which are effective for single-link transmission, are combined with multiuser detection (MUD) methods for combating intercell interference. It is shown that, depending on the channel configuration, linear MMSE or successive interference cancellation (SIC) can be the preferable MUD method. ...

The pore pressures of the S, R, Q and P sands follow the hydrostatic gradient and are in pressure communication across the entire Auger basin, Gulf of Mexico. At the structural crests of these sands the pore pressures exceed the least principle stress; directly above the sand crests, are a series of mud volcanoes. Using 3-D seismic and pressure data we map the distribution of subsurface pressur...

––The oily mud waste is one of the main wastes in oil field production process, which also stands as a critical negative factor that impedes the improvement of oilfield environment. The oily mud, which is rich in oil and black viscous compound in appearance, is the solid waste that comes along with the oilfield production. The oily mud mixture has huge amounts in magnitude, and it contains a ce...

In present investigation the biological leaching of aluminum by isolated fungi from red mud, the main waste product of the alkaline extraction of Al from bauxite was studied. Biological leaching experiments were carried out using indigenous, date and orange specimen fungi, Aspergillus Niger, Penicillium simplicissimum notatum. Savored Dextrose chloramphenicol Agar (SDA) was used as medium for t...

Mud volcanoes can be large and long lived geological structures that morphologically resemble magmatic volcanoes. Because of their capricious behaviour and their spectacular morphology and landscapes, mud volcanoes have attracted attention since antiquity. More recently, mud volcanoes have become the focus of extensive studies for natural science research, including geologists and biologists. M...

New observations and analyses are presented of the opposition effect on mud cracks (mud polygons) on desert playas. The enhanced brightness of the surface near the antisolar point has been previously and correctly ascribed to two sources: shadow-hiding and coherent backscatter. The observations reported here suggest that a third optical mechanism influences the OE: some parts of the mud polygon...

This paper proposes research propositions to study on MMOG and MUD addictions based on their causes – flow state and social interaction. Though previous studies relate MMOG addictions to Internet addictions based on social interactions, this study after examining the underlying theories of Use and Gratification Theory and Flow Theory concludes that what cause MMOG addiction is flow experience n...

In this contribution we propose and study a multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC DSCDMA) scheme, which employs both time (T)-domain and frequency (F)-domain spreading. We investigate the achievable detection performance in the context of synchronous TF-domain spread MC DS-CDMA, when communicating over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. The performance of ...

Lepidoptera feed at mud puddles, dung, and carrion in a behavior known as puddling. Sodium and sometimes protein are feeding cues, are actively collected, and play a potentially important role in lepidopteran nutritional and mating ecology. We showed that montane butterßy species have feeding preferences among mud, herbivore dung, and carnivore dung, and that these preferences differed among bu...