Data from human clinical trials have shown that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) follows complex profiles, such as bi-phasic, tri-phasic, stepwise decay and rebound. We utilized a deterministic model of HBV kinetics following antiviral therapy to uncover the mechanistic interactions behind HBV dynamics. Analytical investigation of the model was used to separate the parameter space describing virus d...

Dopamine has a crucial role in anticipation of motivational events. To investigate the underlying mechanisms of this process, we analyzed the activity of dopamine neurons and one of their major sources of input, neurons in the lateral habenula, while animals anticipated upcoming behavioral tasks. We found that lateral habenula and dopamine neurons anticipated tasks in two distinct manners. Firs...

1 I n the recently published American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) scoring manual for sleep stages, 1 the term phasic was replaced throughout by transient. Recommendations for changes in terminology should be made with great care, especially when terminology is a core topic, as indicated by the subtitle of the AASM manual, " Rules, Terminology, and Technical Specifications. " The decision b...

States or state sequences in neural network models are made to represent concepts from applications. This paper motivates, introduces and discusses a formalism for denoting such representations; a representation for representations. The formalism is illustrated by using it to discuss the representation of variable binding and inference abstractly, and then to present four speci c representation...

Currently, the research of emergency supplies distribution and decision models mostly focus on deterministic models and exact algorithm. A few of studies have been done on the multi-level distribution network and matheuristic algorithm. In this paper, random processes theory is adopted to establish emergency supplies distribution and decision model for multi-level network. By analyzing the char...

1. The minimally distinct border method involves setting the relative radiances of two adjacent, differently coloured fields until the border between them is minimally distinct. At these radiance settings, the two fields are found to be of equal luminance. The task shares with flicker photometry all the requirements of a photometric method. 2. We have recorded responses of macaque ganglion cell...

Differential Susceptibility Theory explains long-term associations between neurobiological sensitivity and cognitive outcomes, but no comparable theoretical framework exists to understand how neurobiological sensitivity and cognitive performance inter-relate on shorter time-frames. Here, we evaluate a framework proposed by Aston-Jones and colleagues, building on the Yerkes-Dodson model, to unde...

Synaptic glutamate release involves the accumulation of cytoplasmic glutamate in synaptic vesicles, whereafter it is released by triggered exocytosis. As glutamatergic terminals are known to be functionally diverse it was of interest to examine whether the presynaptic glutamate supply differs between individual axon terminals with distinct release properties. The glutamatergic terminals in the ...

In order to test the requirement of Na channel inactivation for the action of local anesthetics, we investigated the inhibitory effects of quaternary and tertiary amine anesthetics on normally inactivating and noninactivating Na currents in squid axons under voltage clamp. Either the enzymatic mixture pronase, or chloramine-T (CT), a noncleaving, oxidizing reagent, was used to abolish Na channe...

Alert-chronic studies show that ocular motoneurons (Mns) exhibit a phasic and tonic firing correlated with eye saccade-velocity and position (fixation), respectively. Differences in the phasic and tonic firing among Mns depend on synaptic inputs and/or the intrinsic membrane properties. We have used in vitro slice preparation to investigate the contribution of membrane properties to firing prop...