Growth regulator X1 promotes growth, is produced locally (purple area) and has limited mobility. This causes a spatial growth gradient (faster growth in darker green). Growth will arrest in a wave from right to left as X1 levels decrease. Growth regulator X2 promotes growth, is produced locally (orange area) and is sufficiently mobile to affect growth in the same way across the tissue. If only ...

Cystic hydatid disease is a zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. It may affect any organ and tissue in the body, in particular the liver and Lung. Musculoskeletal or soft tissue hydatidosis accounts for about 0,5%-5% of all echinococcal infections in endemic areas and is almost secondary to the hepatic or pulmonary disease (Karaman et al., 2011; Dirican et al., 2008; Kouskos et al., 2007...

Background: Hydatidosis is one of the cosmopolitan parasitic zoonoses caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Diagnosis of hydatidosis is still an unresolved problem. Serological tests using crude antigens for diagnosis of E. granulosus are sensi-tive, however their specificity are not satisfactory. Therefore, WHO recommended spe-cific serological methods using specific antigens,...

Hydatid cysts caused by Echinococcus species mainly involve visceral organs. Rarely skeletal involvement occurs. The spine and pelvis account for half of the cases osseous hydatidosis, making humeral hydatid one rarest conditions. We report a case hydatidosis in 42-year male who presented to us with pain swelling over left upper arm, radiological investigations suggestive cystic lesions were in...