Multiple sclerosis patients who become pregnant experience a significant decrease in relapses that may be mediated by a shift in immune responses from T helper 1 to T helper 2. Animal models of multiple sclerosis have shown that the pregnancy hormone, estriol, can ameliorate disease and can cause an immune shift. We treated nonpregnant female multiple sclerosis patients with the pregnancy hormo...

introduction: regarding to the recent advances in assisted reproductive techniques (art), twin and multiple pregnancies have increased during past years. objective: this study was performed to compare obstetrics and perinatal outcomes of dichorionic twin pregnancy following art with spontaneous pregnancy. materials and methods: in this cross-sectional study which was performed in ghaem hospital...

BACKGROUND Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a life-long disease that often manifests by puberty. Treatment of attacks is essential to improve quality of life and to decrease morbidity and mortality. During pregnancy, treatment is limited because multiple treatment options, including icatibant, are not approved for use during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE We report the outcomes of three pregnancies durin...

Twin pregnancies are at increased risk of complications than singletons1, 2. These complications can develop throughout gestation and pose greater risk to both mother and babies. Early pregnancy scanning enables accurate pregnancy dating, determination of chorionicity, labelling and possible risk prediction in monochorionic twin pregnancies3-7. This article focuses mainly on controversies in sc...

BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) preferentially affects females at childbearing age. For this reason patients and treating physicians were frequently confronted with questions concerning family planning, pregnancy and birth. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expertise about pregnancy related topics in multiple sclerosis of neurologists in private practice. METHODS We dev...

Multiple sclerosis is the most common neurological disease of young adults that causes major disability. In Romania, it is estimated that this disease has a prevalence of 35-40 per 100,000 inhabitants. It is a disease that begins at the age of 20-40 years and is 2-3 times more common in women than in men. More than half of patients with MS develop the disease in their fertile period of life; th...

BACKGROUND Multiple-micronutrient (MMN) deficiencies often coexist among women of reproductive age in low- to middle-income countries. They are exacerbated in pregnancy due to the increased demands, leading to potentially adverse effects on the mother and developing fetus. Though supplementation with MMNs has been recommended earlier because of the evidence of impact on pregnancy outcomes, a co...

The advances in reproductive technologies have changed the demographics of multifetal pregnancies. In the first trimester, ultrasound allows to diagnose the number of multiples, chorionicity and amnionicity, the presence or absence of nuchal translucency, early growth discordance, severe malformations and the origin of activities and contacts between multiples. In the second and third trimester...

A large number of embryological processes must be carried out for the development of a new human being. There are numerous sources of error that can lead to malformations up to stillbirths. However, deviations can also occur within these processes, which lead to the development of two or more children, that is to say, twins or generally multiple births. This article explains how exactly this is...