When a distance relay protects transmission line located on dual circuit tower, coupling effect will occur between the two circuits. Transposition of circuits can reduce mutual impedances, but this does not cater to zero-sequence impedance during earth faults. As result, measured by under phase-to-earth fault conditions in these circumstances represent correct point unless effects are taken int...

The interactions between two or more particles and the calculation of local electric field are widely applied in many fields, such as those insulation, biology, medicine, microfluidics. dipole approximation model, which is a classical method, has been used fields to solve for multi-particle system, but it does not consider particles; result, easily limited by situation, generates large error wh...