in general, estuaries may be classified variously according to inlet dynamics, geomorphology orwhether they are tide or river dominated or, on a combination of all three factors. in kwazulu-natal (kzn),south africa, the four recognised estuary types are temporary opened-closed estuaries (toces), permanently opened estuaries, estuarine lakes and river mouths. since physico-chemical parameters ar...

Birds can be classified into altricial and precocial. The hatchlings of altricial birds are almost naked, whereas those of precocial birds are covered with natal down. This regulatory divergence is thought to reflect environmental adaptation, but the molecular basis of the divergence is unclear. To address this issue, we chose the altricial zebra finch and the precocial chicken as the model ani...

Background: Postpartum period is a very crucial period caring for mother especially mother who had under gone episiotomy. It is a painful and discomfort during puerperial period. Infra red therapy is effective for episiotomy wound healing. Objectives: To assess the condition of episiotomy wound among post natal mothers in experimental and control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of infra re...

It is well established that sea turtles return to natal rookeries to mate and lay their eggs, and that individual females are faithful to particular nesting sites within the rookery. Less certain is whether females are precisely returning to their natal beach. Attempts to demonstrate such precise natal philopatry with genetic data have had mixed success. Here we focused on the green turtles of ...

Variation in recruitment patterns and dispersal behavior can have important consequences for population viability, genetic structure, and rates of evolutionary change. From 1992 to 2006 we studied a marked population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) nesting in boxes in southwestern Idaho to identify factors that affect local recruitment and natal dispersal distances. A low proportion (4%...

1. We examine causes and consequences of natal dispersal within a metapopulation of house sparrows Passer domesticus in an archipelago in Northern Norway where a large proportion of the individuals is colour-ringed. 2. Less than 10% of the fledglings dispersed, i.e. left their natal island. 3. Dispersal was female biased and almost exclusively performed by juveniles. 4. The probability of natal...

The southern African species of the water beetle genus Limnebius Leach, 1815, are revised. Eleven new species are described, based on the examination and databasing of 6,201 specimens from 96 localities/events. Male genitalia are illustrated, and high resolution habitus images of the holotypes are provided. Distribution maps are provided for the eleven species now known from southern Africa, in...

BACKGROUND Pilonidal disease is a chronic disease of the natal cleft. Recurrent follicular infection is the causative factor. Surgical treatment has a significant failure rate, and recurrence is common. Laser removal of hair in the natal cleft could be an alternative to surgery. OBJECTIVE To determine the effectiveness of laser hair removal in the natal cleft on pilonidal disease. METHODS S...

The influence of level of nutrition during pre-natal and early post-natal life on adult body weight a.nd wool growth has been studied. Low levels of nutrition during pre-natal life were associated with reductions in mature body weight (c. 9 per cent.) fleece growth (c. 15 per cent.) and total number of follicles per sheep (c. 8.5 per cent.). Low levels of intake between birth and 16 weeks resul...