contemporary iranian society is transiting from traditional outlook to modern attitudes. social chaos matched with behavioral and thinking chaos is characteristic of transition period. political structure, as a part of society, alongside the juridical, economic and social structure is transiting from traditional sovereignty to intellectual and legal one. political participation, as a tangible a...

Women’s political representation has been for decades ahead of women’s rights movement. However, women presence in politics is not only limited to women political participation but their position in party politics as well. This paper aims to analyze the role of parties in empowering women at the UK parliament and tries to contribute towards the existing literature through presenting an interdis...

How can the differing levels of voter participation in sub-national parliamentary elections be explained? To answer this question I start from the current literature on cross-national comparative research, and apply explanatory approaches from this literature to the analysis of electoral turnout in sub-national units. I focus on two competing influential assessments in the literature, instituti...

This paper discusses the relation between eParticipation and civil society in Germany using a theoretical framework based on three arenas of political communication: the traditional political system, the mass-media system, and the civil society public space. Currently in Germany the traditional political system prevails and funds research about representative oriented eParticipation activities....