The fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda ) is a major crop pest in southern Africa. It threatens the livelihoods and food security of smallholder farmers region by negatively impacting maize yield. Although scientific evidence suggests that natural enemy-mediated predation can potentially reduce FAW infestation, effectiveness enemies such as birds, bats, parasitoids, generalist predators o...

Prey should adjust their defences against natural enemies to match their current level of risk and balance other needs. This is particularly important when optimal defences represent trade-offs, as is the case with many predator-induced trait-mediated indirect effects (TMIEs) that are antagonistic to those promoting host resistance to parasites and pathogens. However, trade-offs may depend on w...

In this paper, we study the prophylactic biological control strategy for greenhouse crops protection. The method consists in the preventive installation of natural enemies to fight against an invading pest, using discrete augmentative (i.e. inondative) releases of the natural enemies. We consider a simple non negative prey (pest) predator (natural enemy) model in ordinary differential equations...

Terrain information supplies an important context for ground operations. The layout of terrain is a determining factor in arraying of forces, both friendly and enemy, and the structuring of Courses of Action (COAs). For example, key terrain, such as a bridge over an unfordable river, or terrain that allows observation of the opposing forces line of advance, is likely to give a big military adva...