Competition for available resources is natural amongst coexisting species, and the fittest contenders dominate over the rest in evolution. The dynamics of this selection is studied using a simple linear model. It has similarities to features of quantum computation, in particular conservation laws leading to destructive interference. Compared to an altruistic scenario, competition introduces ins...

This paper presents a formal account of the temporal interpretation of text. The distinct natural interpretations of texts with similar syntax are explained in terms of defeasible rules characterising causal laws and Gricean-style pragmatic maxims. Intuitively compelling pat terns of defea,sible entailment that are supported by the logic in which the theory is expressed are shown to underly tem...

The existence of power law distributions (also known as heavy-tailed distributions) in various natural and man-made scenarios has been demonstrated empirically over the years [6], and attracted a great deal of interest, resulting in models that would naturally predict such distributions. The areas in which power laws have been observed are very diverse, as evidenced by the following, not nearly...

We investigate two approaches to constructing compatible prior laws over alternative models: ‘projection’ and ‘conditioning’. Each of these is shown to require additional inputs. We suggest that these can be chosen in a natural way in each case, leading to ‘Kullback-Leibler projection’ and ‘Jeffreys conditioning’. We recommend the former for the case of coexisting models, and the latter for com...

the history of legislations and statutory law securities markets in iran represents a scattered and haphazard adoption for other jurisdictions without a proper attention to the theoretical foundations of foreign laws. this has led to incompetent and alien laws to the indigenous conditions. as such a theoretical investigation of the foundations and policies behind such laws is inevitable. as far...

For some classes of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws we introduce a new definition of a δ-shock wave type solution. This definition gives natural generalizations of the classical definition of the weak solutions. It is relevant to the notion of δ-shocks. The weak asymptotics method developed by the authors is used to describe the propagation of δ-shock waves.

Relational lattice reduces the set of six classic relational algebra operators to two binary lattice operations: natural join and inner union. We give an introduction to this theory with emphasis on formal algebraic laws. New results include Spight distributivity criteria and its applications to query transformations.

• The transportation and consumption of oil and natural gas in the continental United States may be directly affected by new regulations and legislation, including (1) the Clean Power Plan proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2) railcar rules proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), and (3) proposed laws related to the controversial Keystone XL Pipeline e...

We study a simple stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by one Brownian motion on a general oriented metric graph whose solutions are stochastic flows of kernels. Under some conditions, we describe the laws of all solutions. This work is a natural continuation of [17, 8, 10] where some particular metric graphs were considered.