The aim of this study was to examine the separate and combined relationships of neighborhood social norms and neighborhood social cohesion with smoking behavior in a cohort of adult Mexican smokers. Neighborhood anti-smoking norms were measured as the proportion of residents in each neighborhood who believed that society disapproves of smoking. Perceived social cohesion was measured using a 5-i...

The present study investigates the effects of neighborhood size and neighborhood frequency in reading Chinese two-character words. The neighborhood size of a word is defined as the summation of neighbors sharing the first constituent (neighborhood size 1) and the second constituent (neighborhood size 2) characters. The first experiment found two opposite neighborhood size effects in lexical dec...

The causal feedback implied by urban neighborhood conditions that shape human health experiences, that in turn shape neighborhood conditions through a complex causal web, raises a challenge for traditional epidemiological causal analyses. This article introduces the loop analysis method, and builds off of a core loop model linking neighborhood property vacancy rate, resident depressive symptoms...

In this paper, the effectiveness of the neighborhood crossover of EMO algorithms is discussed through the numerical experiments. The neighborhood crossover chooses two parents which are close to each other in the objective space. All the individuals are sorted in order of proximity in the objective space, and then neighborhood shuffle is conducted, which randomly replaces individuals in the pop...

Numerous studies have estimated the degree to which children’s neighborhood environment influences their subsequent socioeconomic status. Most of these studies identify the child’s neighborhood at a single point in time. This could lead to underestimation of neighborhood effects if point-in-time neighborhood measures are poor proxies for a child’s longer-run neighborhood environment. In this pa...

Neighborhood spaces, pretopological spaces, and closure spaces are topological space generalizations which can be characterized by means of their associated interior (or closure) operators. The category NBD of neighborhood spaces and continuous maps contains PRTOP as a bicoreflective subcategory and CLS as a bireflective subcategory, whereas TOP is bireflectively embedded in PRTOP and bicorefle...

K nearest neighbor classifier (K-NN) is widely discussed and applied in pattern recognition and machine learning, however, as a similar lazy classifier using local information for recognizing a new test, neighborhood classifier, few literatures are reported on. In this paper, we introduce neighborhood rough set model as a uniform framework to understand and implement neighborhood classifiers. T...

A number-conserving cellular automaton (NCCA) is a cellular automaton (CA) such that all states of cells are represented by integers and the total number of its configuration is conserved throughout its computing process. It can be thought as a kind of modelization of the physical conservation law of mass or energy. Although NCCAs with simple rules are studied widely, it is quite difficult to d...

This paper describes a participatory design-oriented study of an ambient assisted living system for monitoring the daily activities of elderly residents. The work presented addresses these questions 1) What daily activities the elderly participants like to be monitored, 2) With whom they would want to share this monitored data and 3) How a monitoring system for the elderly should be designed. F...