Intranasal delivery provides a practical, noninvasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in order to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. This method allows drugs that do not cross the BBB to be delivered to the central nervous system in a few minutes. With this technology, it will be possible to eliminate systemic administration and its potential side effects. Using the intr...

The fact that the full extent of the function of the pineal gland has not yet been elucidated, has stimulated melatonin research worldwide. This review introduces melatonin's mechanism of action, direct and indirect antioxidant actions as well as the antioxidant properties of its metabolites, 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM) and N-acetyl-N-formyl-5-methoxykynurenamine (AFMK). At present the mechanism...

BACKGROUND We aimed to examine current practice of the management and secondary prevention of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in China where the disease is more common than in Western populations. METHODS Data on baseline characteristics, management in-hospital and post-stroke, and outcome of ICH patients are from the ChinaQUEST (QUality Evaluation of Stroke Care and Treatment) study, a multi...

The neuroprotectant and memory enhancer supplement for menopause is required due to the side effects of hormone replacement therapy. Since purple waxy corn cob and pandan leaves exert antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) effects, we hypothesized that the combined extract of both plants (PCP) might provide synergistic effect leading to the improved brain damage and memory impa...

Brain ischemia provoked by stroke or traumatic brain injury induces a massive increase in neurotransmitter release, in particular of the excitotoxin glutamate. Glutamate triggers a cascade of events finally leading to widespread neuronal cell damage and death. The aminomethylchroman derivative BAY x 3702 is a novel neuroprotectant which shows pronounced beneficial effects in various animal mode...

BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by chronic and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in substansia nigra pars compacta. Oxidative stress is proposed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. Uric acid (UA), as an important physiological antioxidant, is identified a molecular predictor associated with a decreased risk and a slower diseas...

The hippocampal CA1 sector is especially vulnerable to brief forebrain ischemia. Excitotoxicity is widely thought to contribute to this cell death. Accordingly, drugs that presumably counteract excitotoxicity, such as GABAergic agonists, have been repeatedly tested and found to reduce CA1 cell loss. Post-ischemic diazepam reduces CA1 injury. However, diazepam also causes hypothermia, which by i...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. However, studies of MS and the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), indicate that neuronal pathology is the principle cause of clinical disability. Thus, there is need to develop new therapeutic strategies that not only address immunomodulation but also neuroprotection. Here we...

Delayed hypothermia salvages CA1 neurons from global ischemic injury. However, the effects of this potent neuroprotectant on endogenous repair mechanisms, such as neurogenesis, have not been clearly examined. In this study, we quantified and phenotyped newly generated cells within the hippocampus following untreated and hypothermia-treated ischemia. We first show that CA1 pyramidal neurons did ...

In recent years, citicoline has been the object of remarkable interest as a possible neuroprotectant. The aim of this study was to investigate if citicoline affected cell survival in primary retinal cultures and if it exerted neuroprotective activity in conditions modeling retinal neurodegeneration. Primary retinal cultures, obtained from rat embryos, were first treated with increasing concentr...