background: obesity  was a dangerous chronic disease. physicians recommended drug therapy just in a few of obese patients in spite of many health risks. weight control can be improved comorbidities of obesity like hyperlipedemia, hyperinsulinoma, acanthosis nigricans and hypertension. materials and methods: this article reviewed the available original and review literatures which had been publi...

drug abuse is prevalent in all countries across the world and  induces variety of adverse effects (1). health problems arising from drug abuse commonly cause significant health challenges in the affected population and deteriorate many aspects of the patients’ performance and quality of life. comorbidities are discovered in 60 to 75% of addict patients, suffering from various drug-related disor...

The highly prevalent parasite Toxoplasma gondii manipulates its host's behavior. In infected rodents, the behavioral changes increase the likelihood that the parasite will be transmitted back to its definitive cat host, an essential step in completion of the parasite's life cycle. The mechanism(s) responsible for behavioral changes in the host is unknown but two lines of published evidence sugg...