BACKGROUND The shortage of doctors in all specialties in Malawi is particularly severe in rural areas. Contributory factors are the low number of students graduating each year, migration of doctors, and the preference of new graduates for practising in urban areas. Attempts to increase the output from Malawi's only medical school are insufficient to meet the country's healthcare needs. METHOD...

in this paper, we ask “can proximity to towns reduces poverty in rural areas?” for this study we have mapped all the villages in orissa. the study is based on small area poverty estimation methodology as well as the secondary data covering 47,395 villages and 109 towns. our main findings are (i) there is a relationship between the distance to nearest town and rural poverty and (ii) poverty leve...

The paper analyzes territorial modernization and the importance of the urban phenomenon for recent changes in the Amazon Region. Using the notions of “forest towns” and “towns in the forest”, this paper intends to understand diffuse urbanization, which is in progress, in a regional context. With this focus, it considers examples of urban forms and attributes regarding provisions for external ec...

BACKGROUND Population-level data suggest that economic disruptions in the early 1990s increased working-age male mortality in post-Soviet countries. This study uses individual-level data, using an indirect estimation method, to test the hypothesis that fast privatisation increased mortality in Russia. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we surveyed surviving relatives of individuals w...

This paper details and justifies Grounded Theory as a methodology for researching into significant and emerging macromarketing phenomena, through an exploration of its use to investigate the marketing dynamics of the Fairtrade Towns Movement. The paper describes the research ‘journey’ undertaken from the initial consideration of Fairtrade Towns as an underresearched and challenging topic, throu...

Introduction Modern Europe has rural roots, even today, as much as 90 per cent of Europe (EU25) consists of rural areas in which half of the population lives. The different challenges that rural areas face range from restructuring the agricultural sector, remoteness, poor service provision and depopulation to population influx and pressure on the natural environment, particularly in the rural a...

It remains unclear whether spontaneous eye movements during visual imagery reflect the mental generation of a visual image (i.e. the arrangement of the component parts of a mental representation). To address this specificity, we recorded eye movements in an imagery task and in a phonological fluency (non-imagery) task, both consisting in naming French towns from long-term memory. Only in the co...

Doctor shortage is a constant problem in smaller cities and towns, which tend to be more vulnerable from a social and economic point of view, and located in geographically isolated areas. The goal of this study was to establish the share and characteristics of the small cities and towns in the macro-region of northern Paraná that subscribed to the Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB) program. This...