This chapter introduces a new computational intelligence paradigm to perform pattern recognition, named Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). AIS take inspiration from the immune system in order to build novel computational tools to solve problems in a vast range of domain areas. The basic immune theories used to explain how the immune system perform pattern recognition are described and their corre...

Two experiments were run in The Netherlands and Belgium 1 week after the terrorist attacks against the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. The aim was to investigate whether social categorization affected emotional reactions, behavioral tendencies, and actual behaviors. Results showed that focusing participants' attention on an identity that included American victims into a co...

In this paper we are concerned with cuts in models of Samuel Buss' theories of bounded arithmetic, i.e. theories like $S_{2}^i$ and $T_{2}^i$. In correspondence with polynomial induction, we consider a rather new notion of cut that we call p-cut. We also consider small cuts, i.e. cuts that are bounded above by a small element. We study the basic properties of p-cuts and small cuts. In particula...

This paper compares and contrasts the practices in developing application software for the Internet in 2000 and 2002. We identify key organizational and technical factors that facilitated or impeded implementation of Internet applications. The identification is done through a grounded theory analysis of data collected from ten companies. A comparison of the 2000 and 2002 data shows how major fa...

The exports of poor countries are highly concentrated in the common set of products for which they have a strong comparative advantage in the product-level trade data. Rich countries, on the other hand, spread their exports very evenly across the range of products, including those in which they have a comparative disadvantage vis-a-vis poorer countries. Theories in which comparative advantage i...

How does trade liberalization that raises a country's import competition affect the innovative activity of its firms? We exploit the strong growth of Chinese exports resulting from China's entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 as a competitive shock to, specifically, Mexican manufacturing firms. Innovation is captured through information on the adoption of detailed firm level producti...

How does trade liberalization that raises a country’s import competition affect the innovative activity of its firms? We exploit the strong growth of Chinese exports resulting from China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 as a competitive shock to, specifically, Mexican manufacturing firms. Innovation is captured through information on the adoption of specific production techniqu...

How does trade liberalization that raises a country’s import competition affect the innovative activity of its firms? We exploit the strong growth of Chinese exports resulting from China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 as a competitive shock to, specifically, Mexican manufacturing firms. Innovation is captured through information on the adoption of detailed firm level producti...

Regulators in international trade are facing a seemingly impossible challenge of increasing control and security while at the same time lowering the administrative burden for traders. The European Commission has introduced the concept of “trusted trader”, referring to a trader that is certified as being in control of his/her business. Trusted traders are supposed to obtain trade facilitations s...

This paper compares and contrasts the practices in developing application software for the Internet in 2000 and 2002. We identify key organizational and technical factors that facilitated or impeded implementation of Internet applications. The identification is done through a grounded theory analysis of data collected from ten companies. A comparison of the 2000 and 2002 data shows how major fa...