Abstract Beginning in the 1830s, medical investigators began to think of organic disorders as having single causes that were both universal and necessary. For this be possible required a radical shift way doctors defined diseases: from symptoms causes. The so-called aetiological approach disease meant every case had same cause. This, turn, any prophylactic or therapeutic measures directed at ca...

The project Literary Ecology in Nineteenth-Century Bengal has been investigating the representation and interpretation of relationship between humans nonhuman nature context radical transformations physical ideological landscapes that characterized nineteenth-century Bengal. We are examining diverse political, economic scientific influences shaped narrative trajectory literary ecology Bengal, w...

This introductory article gives an overview of the history and culture intimacy in nineteenth-century art, architecture literature, discusses key theories concepts. It explains how t...