Southern California kelp forests experienced major losses during the El Nino of 1957-1959. The proximal reason for the decline was ascribed to sea urchin grazing, and the eventual recovery of some forests followed sea urchin control efforts, kelp restoration, and improvements In sewage disposal practices. The very strong El Nirio of 1982-84 allowed us to reexamine hypotheses regarding the inter...

Warm and cold deviations from the annual sea surface temperature climate in the eastern tropical Pacific have a wide significance. Numerous reports have examined connections between these so-called El-Nino and La-Nina events and anomalies in local climate in areas well removed from eastern extra-tropical Pacific. The analysis of climate anomalies is statistical in nature. We consider a global d...