Historically, graphical programming and visual programming most commonly used arrows, lines or juxtaposition to represent visually the order or a sequence of actions. The choice of representation can affect the performance of a user of such systems in following a sequence of actions, both in terms of time and of accuracy. However, there is little empirical evidence which would justify the use o...

Here, we show that BarH1 and BarH2, a pair of Bar homeobox genes, play essential roles in the formation and specification of the distal leg segments of Drosophila. In early third instar, juxtaposition of Bar-positive and Bar-negative tissues causes central folding that may separate future tarsal segments 2 from 3, while juxtaposition of tissues differentially expressing Bar homeobox genes at la...

Nominal logic is an extension of first-order logic with features useful for reasoning about abstract syntax with bound names. For computational applications such as programming and formal reasoning, it is desirable to develop constructive type theories for nominal logic which extend standard type theories for propositional, firstor higher-order logic. This has proven difficult, largely because ...

This paper studies the notion of “freshness” that often occurs in the meta-theory of computer science languages involving various kinds of names. Nominal Equational Logic is an extension of ordinary equational logic with assertions about the freshness of names. It is shown to be both sound and complete for the support interpretation of freshness and equality provided by the Gabbay-Pitts nominal...

Lawvere theories provide a category theoretic view of equational logic, identifying equational theories with small categories equipped with finite products. This formulation allows equational theories to be investigated as first class mathematical entities. However, many formal systems, particularly in computer science, are described by equations modulated by side conditions asserting the “fres...

The term valency refers to the number, type and form of arguments that are bound to a word. Valency is specific to any given lexical unit and therefore is covered by lexicons. This is a preliminary survey conducted with the creation of a valency lexicon of Czech nouns in mind. The authors of such a lexicon have to decide who will be the intended users, how the material will be presented and whi...

We argue for the necessity of resolution of metonymies for nominals (and other cases) in the context of semantics-based machine translation. By using an ontology as a search space, we are able to identify and resolve metonymic expressions with significant accuracy, both for a pre-deterrnined inventory of metonymie types and for previously unseen cases. The entity replaced by the metonymy is mad...

Nominal responses are the natural way for people to report actions or opinions. Because nominal responses do not generate numerical data, they have been underutilized in behavioral research. On those occasions in which nominal responses are elicited, the responses are customarily aggregated over people or trials so that large-sample statistics can be employed. A new analysis is proposed that di...