Community structure has been widely identified as a feature of many real-world networks. It has been shown that the antigenic diversity of a pathogen population can be significantly affected by the contact network of its hosts; however, the effects of community structure have not yet been explored. Here, we examine the congruence between patterns of antigenic diversity in pathogen populations i...

Bacterial abundance, biomass, cell volume, and morphological diversity were studied in sediment samples collected from the coastal area of the eastern mid Adriatic Sea. Samples from the topmost 10 cm of sediment were taken monthly from January to December 2002. The number of bacteria varied from 3.54 x 109 cells g–1 in July to 8.08 x 109 cells g–1 in September. Biomass was lowest in May (78 μg ...

Evolutionary genetics studies the patterns and mechanisms of genetic changes underlying evolutionary change. Because biological diversity at all levels (including population, species, and ecosystem diversity) has a genetic basis and is a result of evolution, evolutionary genetics provides insight into the ultimate mechanisms creating biodiversity. Evolutionary genetics utilizes empirical tools ...

Heuristic optimization provides a robust and efficient approach for extracting approximate solutions of multi-objective problems because of their capability to evolve a set of non-dominated solutions distributed along the Pareto frontier. The convergence rate and suitable diversity of solutions are of great importance for multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. The focu...

In this paper several packet combining schemes are presented for use in conjunction with the Viterbi decoder over stationary and time-varying channels. The first technique presented is an averaged diversity combiner. The averaged diversity combiner is then generalized to make use of packet weights baaed on either ideal channel state information or weights derived from side information generated...

In this paper, distributed relay diversity systems are analyzed, modeled and evaluated in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based networks. The investigated distributed relay diversity schemes extend the ideas of a single hop transmit antenna schemes such as Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), transmit Coherent Combining (CC) and Selection Dive...

This paper derives analytically some simple closed form expressions for the average symbol error rate (SER) of M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK), M-ary differential phase shift keying (MDPSK) and noncoherent Mary frequency shift keying (MFSK) over a Nakagami-m fading channel with Lfold maximal ratio combining (MRC) and selection combining (SC) space diversity receptions. Numerical results demonst...