In 2007, Long-Guang and Xian[3] replaced introduced cone metric spaces. They replaced the set of real numbers by an ordered Banach space in the definition of metric and generalized the notion of metric space. Recently, Ayse Sönemaz [5] proved a cone metric space with a normal cone, of course it has to be strongly minihedral, is paracompact. In this paper we omit the strongly minihedral of cone....

Structurally and functionally, the short-wave-sensitive (S) cone pathways are thought to decline more rapidly with normal aging than the middle- and long-wave-sensitive cone pathways. This would explain the celebrated results by Verriest and others demonstrating that the largest age-related color discrimination losses occur for stimuli on a tritan axis. Here, we challenge convention, arguing fr...

The goal of the study was to evaluate spectral opponency in nine X-chromosome-linked color-defective observers. The tasks included increment threshold spectral sensitivity on an achromatic background, heterochromatic flicker photometry, and colorimetric purity discrimination. With a task of heterochromatic flicker photometry, the anomalous trichromatic observers showed spectral sensitivity of t...

Field sensitivities were measured under conditions of M- and L-cone isolation for seven infants (8-12 weeks-old) and two adults, using silent-substitution and the visually evoked potential (VEP). The efficacy of the receptor-isolation conditions were first verified by measuring psychophysical and VEP-derived action spectra from two color-normal adults under conditions of M- and L-cone isolation...

Field sensitivities were measured under conditions of Mand L-cone isolation for seven infants (8–12 weeks-old) and two adults, using silent-substitution and the visually evoked potential (VEP). The efficacy of the receptor-isolation conditions were first verified by measuring psychophysical and VEP-derived action spectra from two color-normal adults under conditions of Mand L-cone isolation. Ma...

The long, slender cones of the teleost retina elongate at night and contract during the day. In the Midas cichlid, Cichlasoma citrinellum, this cone excursion is elicited both by changes in light conditions and by strong endogenous circadian rhythms. In a normal day/night cycle. C. citrinellum cones change length by 69 micron. We have found that in this species an endogenous circadian rhythm in...

Transducins couple visual pigments to cGMP hydrolysis, the only recognized phototransduction pathway in vertebrate photoreceptors. Here we describe a zebrafish mutant, no optokinetic response f(w21) (nof), with a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of cone transducin. Retinal morphology and levels of phototransduction enzymes are normal in nof retinas, but cone transducin i...

Let X be a subscheme of a reduced scheme Y. Then Y has a flat degeneration to the normal cone CXY of X, and this degeneration plays a key step in Fulton and MacPherson’s “basic construction” in intersection theory. The intersection product has a canonical refinement as a sum over the components of CXY, for X and Y depending on the given intersection problem. The cone CXY is usually not reduced,...

Highly polarized cells such as photoreceptors require precise and efficient strategies for establishing and maintaining the proper subcellular distribution of proteins. The signals and molecular machinery that regulate trafficking and sorting of synaptic proteins within cone inner segments is mostly unknown. In this study, we show that the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase Synaptojanin 1 (SynJ1)...

Threshold spectral sensitivities (in the dark, or against bright colored backgrounds) are identical in the red-green range for both protanopes (dichromats) and protanomalous trichromatic color defectives. The latter, however, must have an additional photolabile cone pigment in the red-green range, and its presence is revealed by heterochromatic brightness matching through the spectrum (i.e. lum...