in this paper, an efficient method for solving optimal control problemsof the linear differential systems with inequality constraint is proposed. by usingnew adjustment of hat basis functions and their operational matrices of integration,optimal control problem is reduced to an optimization problem. also, the erroranalysis of the proposed method is investigated and it is proved that the order o...

approximating the solution of differential equations of fractional order is necessary because fractional differential equations have extensively been used in physics, chemistry as well as engineering fields. in this paper with central difference approximation and newton cots integration formula, we have found approximate solution for a class of boundary value problems of fractional order. three...

in this article we implement an operational matrix of fractional integration for legendre polynomials. we proposed an algorithm to obtain an approximation solution for fractional differential equations, described in riemann-liouville sense, based on shifted legendre polynomials. this method was applied to solve linear multi-order fractional differential equation with initial conditions, and the...

Abstract In this work, three different integration techniques, which are the numerical, semi-analytical and exact integration techniques are briefly reviewed. Numerical integrations are carried out using three different Quadrature rules, which are the Classical Gauss Quadrature, Gauss Legendre and Generalized Gaussian Quadrature. Line integral method is used to perform semi-analytical integrati...

whereA is significantly more expensive to evaluate than B , and B is stiff (highly oscillatory) in comparison with A. Examples of such problem are multibody problem with contact forces acting between bodies, and constraints formulated as penalty forces. Based on the splitting A+B of the acceleration field, a numerical integration algorithm, which is explicit in the A–part and implicit in the B–...