Offset curves have diverse engineering applications, which have consequently motivated extensive research concerning various offset techniques. Offset research in the early 1980s focused on approximation techniques to solve immediate application problems in practice. This trend continued until 1988, when Hoschek [1, 2] applied non-linear optimization techniques to the offset approximation probl...

For increasing time values, isochrons can be regarded as expanding wavefronts and their perpendicular lines as the associated orthogonal isochron rays. The speed of the isochron movement depends on the medium velocity and the source-receiver position. We introduce the term equivalent-velocity to refer to the speed of isochron movement. In the particular case of zero-offset data, the equivalent ...

We analyse those objects in the Brightest 55 sample of clusters of galaxies which have a short central cooling time and a central temperature drop. Such clusters are likely to require some form of heating. Where clear radio bubbles are observed in these clusters, their energy injection is compared to the X-ray cooling rate. Of the 20 clusters requiring heating, at least 14 have clear bubbles, i...

Research on renewable and alternative fuels is crucial for improving the energy environmental efficiency of modern gasoline internal combustion engines. To highlight influence fuel rheological thermodynamic properties phase change atomisation processes, three types blends were tested. More specifically, campaign comprised a reference gasoline, an ethanol/gasoline blend (10% v/v) representative ...

In this paper, a G(1), C(1), C(2) PH-spline is employed as an approximation for a given Bézier curve within error bound and further renders offset which can be regarded as an approximate offset to the Bézier curve. The errors between PH-spline and the Bézier curve, the offset to PH-spline and the offset to the given Bézier curve are also estimated. A new algorithm for constructing offset to the...

In this paper, a theoretical analysis to evaluate the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems under the combined influence of Phase Offset and Frequency Offset over Rayleigh, Weibull and Nakagami fading channels using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation is presented. The performance of an OFDM system is degraded by both the Frequency Offset and the Phase...

one of the common problems in reflective seismic records is the existence of coherent linear and random noises which cause covering of the most important parts of reflective signals; therefore, it is necessary to attenuate them by processing methods. several processing techniques have been devised for attenuation of coherent linear noises and linear radon or ?-? transform is a powerful techniqu...

Biodiversity offsets are intended to achieve no net loss of biodiversity due to economic and human development. A variety of biodiversity components are addressed by offset policies. It is required that loss of protected species due to development be offset under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives in Europe. We call this type of offset a species-equality offset because the offset pertains to ...

Current reverse total shoulder arthroplasty prosthesis designs do not permit offset of the humerus in the sagittal plane. Posteriorly shifting the humerus has the theoretical benefit of lengthening the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles and their external rotation moment arms, thereby improving the tension and efficiency of each external rotator and subsequently requiring each muscle to prod...