nitrate has been the most common chemical contaminant in water resource. this ion is introduced into the water via different ways, but more items of nitrate pollution was connected with farming-based drainage and sewage effluent. in this descriptive-analytical study, groundwater nitrate and nitrite concentrations of 8 wells on dehloran, ilam, iran, were analyzed in 2015 to determine the causes ...

Fully compositional and thermal reservoir simulation capabilities are important in oil exploration and production. There are significant resources in existing wells and in heavy oil, oil sands, and deep-water reservoirs. This article has two main goals: (1) to clearly identify chemical engineering sub-problems within reservoir simulation that the PSE community can potentially make contributions...

Bibi Hakimeh oilfield consists of more than 145 oil producing wells. Its Oligomiocene Asmari reservoir is dominantly made of limestone. The act of a reverse fault on the north flank of Bibi-Hakimeh Field caused a significant thickness reduction in Gachsaran formation in the way that in some drilled wells, members No. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Gachsaran cap rock have been totally eliminated. This caus...

Natural gas is lauded as a cleaner-burning fuel than either coal or oil, but getting the fuel out of the ground can be a dirty process, especially given the widespread adoption of the technology known as hydraulic fracturing (" fracking "). Concerns about toxic air emissions from previously unregulated fracking sites led to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announcement on 18 April 2012 ...

( ) A fundamental study was carried out to understand the aging or hardening of the wax-oil gels formed in the subsea pipelines during the flow of crude oil from offshore wells to shore. The aging process is a counterdiffusion phenomenon where there exists a ( ) critical carbon number CCN , and wax molecules with carbon numbers greater than the CCN diffuse into the gel matrices and ®ice ®ersa. ...

Gas lift is a costly, however indispensable means to recover oil from high-depth reservoirs that entails solving the gas-lift optimization problem, GOP, often in response to variations in the dynamics of the reservoir and economic oscillations. GOP can be cast as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem whose integer variables decide which oil wells should produce, while the continuous var...

Despite widespread acceptance and application of real options theory in the economic literature, little empirical work has attempted to assess the extent to which firm behavior accords with the theory’s prescriptions. In particular, it is not well-known whether, or by how much, firms actually delay irreversible investments following an increase in the uncertainty of their economic environment. ...

We present a set of interactive 3D visualizations, designed to explore oil/gas reservoir simulation post-processing models. With these visualizations we aim to provide reservoir engineers with better access to the data within their 3D models. We provide techniques for exploring existing oil well trajectories, and for planning future wells, to assist in decision making. Our approach focuses on d...

Pengrowth has targeted East Bodo (Alberta side) and Cosine (Saskatchewan side) for waterflood optimization and subsequent enhanced oil recovery applications. Currently, the most practical EOR technology for this heavy oil reservoir seems to be the polymer flood technology in combination with horizontal wells. Several investigators(1-4) have demonstrated the potential of the polymer flood techno...