Introduction: Radiotherapy is a common treatment modality for patients with head and neck malignancies. As the nose lies within the field of radiotherapy of the head and neck, the olfactory fibers and olfactory receptors may be affected by radiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in olfactory threshold in patients with head and neck malignancies who have received radiation to th...

In the mammalian brain, the dentate gyrus and the olfactory bulb are regions where new neurons are continuously added. While the functional consequences of continuous hippocampal neurogenesis have been extensively studied, the role of olfactory adult-born neurons remains elusive. In particular, the involvement of these newborn neurons in odor processing is still a matter of debate. We demonstra...

New approaches, techniques and tools invented over the last decade and a half have revolutionized the functional dissection of neural circuitry underlying Drosophila learning. The new methodologies have been used aggressively by researchers attempting to answer three critical questions about olfactory memories formed with appetitive and aversive reinforcers: (1) Which neurons within the olfacto...

Similarity between odours is notoriously difficult to measure. Widely used behavioural approaches in insect olfaction research are cross-adaptation, masking, as well as associative tasks based on olfactory learning and the subsequent testing for how specific the established memory is. A concern with such memory-based approaches is that the learning process required to establish an odour memory ...

Introduction: An impaired sense of smell has a remarkable impact on the quality of life. It is seen in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease. In this study, we assessed the olfactory function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) by Sniff Magnitude Test (SMT).  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 patients with MS. A questionnaire, including demog...

Association of odor and reward during the early postnatal period modifies rat pup behavioral responses and olfactory bulb neural responses to subsequent presentations of that odor. Recent evidence has shown that olfactory bulb output neurons, mitral/tufted cells, receive convergent odor and reward inputs. The present report demonstrates that contiguous odor-reward pairings prevent mitral/tufted...

UNLABELLED The mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) is a higher-order corticocortical thalamic nucleus involved in cognition and memory. However, anatomically, the MDT is also the primary site of olfactory representation in the thalamus, receiving strong inputs from olfactory cortex and having reciprocal connections with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Nonetheless, its role in olfaction remains unclear. Here...

It is not known whether the instincts of wild horses have remained strong during their centuries of domestication. Knowledge of this matter would give riders the opportunity to know more about the behavior of horses and consequently about safety for both horses and riders. In this current research, we studied the behavior of fifteen Caspian miniature horses of different ages and sexes using sti...