* To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]. Abstract—The overwhelming complexity of biological systems prevents exhaustive description of the processes and mechanisms that cause system functionality. There are large numbers of processes to be considered with options for manifold hypotheses describing each. The long-term goal of this project, for a particular biological sys...

The ancient mutualism between fungus-growing ants and the fungi they cultivate for food is a textbook example of symbiosis. Fungus-growing ants' ability to cultivate fungi depends on protection of the garden from the aggressive microbes associated with the substrate added to the garden as well as from the specialized virulent garden parasite Escovopsis. We examined ants' ability to remove alien...

Tradescantia fluminensis, commonly referred to as ‘tradescantia’, is an invasive weed of canopydepleted forest remnants. Previous research suggests that a reduction of tradescantia biomass to ~80 gm-2 (~40% cover) is compatible with native forest regeneration. I assessed herbicide application, hand weeding and artificial shading as methods for the control of tradescantia in two lowland podocarp...

This investigation was carried out at International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria to estimate correlation coefficients yield and associated traits thirty-six upland rice lines the effect these attributes in four weeding regimes. The regimes were: weed free, twice (21 42 days after sowing (DAS), once DAS only, 21 laid an alpha lattice design replicated two times. Correl...

in order to study effects of competitive weeds (sinapis arvensis, hordeum spp., secale montanum and agrostemma githago) on morphological traits, yield and harvest index of winter rapeseed (brassica napus l.) cultivars a factorial experiment was conducted in islamic azad university of tabriz, during 2007-2008. experimental factors were weeds controlling times included weeding in rosette (5-7 lea...