The concept of reserve is used to explain the observation that some individuals function better than others in the presence of brain pathology. This article reviews the concept of reserve from its theoretical basis to the implication of reserve for clinical practice. A distinction between brain reserve, referring to individual differences in the anatomic substrate, and cognitive reserve, referr...

Cognitive reserve explains why those with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or participation in leisure activities evidence less severe clinical or cognitive changes in the presence of age-related or Alzheimer's disease pathology. Specifically, the cognitive reserve hypothesis is that individual differences in how tasks are processed provide reserve against brain pathology. Cogniti...

Setting aside protected areas is a key strategy for tackling biodiversity loss. Reserve effectiveness depends on the extent to which protected areas capture both known occurrences and areas likely to support the species. We assessed the effectiveness of the existing reserve network for Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) and other forest-dependent species, and compared the existing ...

Connectivity is now a common consideration in conservation planning, but we need further empirical evidence for the role of connectivity in catalyzing reserve function. We examined whether connectivity improved reserve performance by investigating how isolation between coral reefs and mangroves influenced fish assemblages inside and outside a reserve in Moreton Bay, Australia. Connectivity grea...

This article covers the major trends of structural changes in US economy during 2010–2020. Statistical analysis shows that mining industries and agriculture have very insignificant effects on gross domestic product. Meanwhile liquid natural gas (LNG) agricultural products are important articles American export. Traditional manufacturing corporations also decreasing their economy. Modern service...

Abstract The maximum power point operation of the photovoltaics (PV) restricts them to participate in frequency regulation connected system. Therefore, it is a common practice deload PV systems for generating an active reserve. However, deloading causes underrating these systems, hence additional panels are installed overcome reserved power. Since regulations can be achieved by using batteries,...

Escalating stratums of breeze vigor, which is variable, difficult to predict accurately, and escalating connected via power electronic converters, are changing how electricity grids are planned, designed, and operated. . Systems with high breeze penetration are also experiencing dramatic changes to the operating regimes of conventional resources to areas with large loads. Optimal diminutive-ten...

In this paper an application of a combined method for the profit based unit commitment problem (PBUC) using Genetic Algorithm and Lagrangian Relaxation (LR) is presented. The algorithm is proposed to solve PBUC under deregulated environment with the objective of maximizing GENCO’s profit and minimizing the operating cost. The problem formulation of the unit commitment takes into consideration t...

Ecosystem nutrient cycling is often complex because nutrient dynamics within and between systems are mediated by the interaction of biological and geochemical conditions operating at different temporal and spatial scales. Vegetated patches in semiarid and wetland landscapes have been shown to exemplify some of these patterns and processes. We investigated biological and geochemical factors sugg...