The eye is a small and complex organ that is separated from the rest of the body by multiple layers of biological barriers. Moreover, the internal ocular structures and tissues are protected from the external environment by the tight junctions of the corneal epithelium and the mucosal surface. The ophthalmic application of drugs is the primary route of administration for the treatment of variou...

Introduction: In this paper, by complete definition of human eye containing the various parts and their materials, the difference between this model and a homogeneous water phantom are compared for two ophthalmic plaques using 125I and 103Pd. Material and methods: The simulation of the two phantoms were performed in the MCNP-4C code and by using the geometry of a three-dimensional eye, differen...

In the present study, a temperature-sensitive gel composed of chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan and glycerophosphate was prepared and loaded with chitosan microspheres encapsulating levofloxacin. The bioavailability of levofloxacin and the safety of this novel opthalmic drug delivery formulation were evaluated. Levofloxacin chitosan microspheres were prepared using the ionic gelation method, and...

Glaucoma is a slow progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the optic nerve axons, leading to irreversible blindness if left undiagnosed and untreated. Although increased intraocular pressure is a major risk factor of glaucoma, other factors include increased glutamate levels, alterations in nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, vascular alterations and oxidative damage caused ...

BACKGROUND The Portable Eye Examination Kit (Peek) is a mobile phone-based ophthalmic testing system that has been developed to perform comprehensive eye examinations. Shortages in ophthalmic personnel, the high cost, and the difficulty in transporting equipment have made it challenging to offer services, particularly in rural areas. Peek offers a solution for overcoming barriers of limited acc...

OBJECTIVES Topical ocular administration is the most convenient route of administration of drugs for the treatment of eye diseases. However, the bioavailability of drugs following eye instillations of eye drops is very low. Over the past 20 years, extensive efforts have been put into research to improve drug bioavailability without compromising treatment compliance and patients' quality of life...