Computational cost of metaheuristic based optimum design algorithms grows excessively with structure size. This results in computational inefficiency of modern metaheuristic algorithms in tackling optimum design problems of large scale structural systems. This paper attempts to provide a computationally efficient optimization tool for optimum design of large scale steel frame structures to AISC...

The shear strength of geogrid-reinforced ballast is often dependent on the aperture size geogrids and nominal ballast. This paper presents a theoretical analysis based probabilistic mechanics how affects interaction between particles geogrid. Unlike past literature, in this study, properties particle distribution analysed using Weibull distribution. probability grain interlock proposed to descr...

By shouldering the burden of a big chunk of global production, and giving Shelter to half of the world’s population, currently cities play an important role in national economies. Benefits of agglomeration in cities have played a major role in the process of economic development of different countries, however, the expansion of urbanization has produced some problems including environmental and...