An examination of five temperature and five precipitation extreme indicators reveals an increase in both temperature and precipitation extremes over the 1926–2000 period in the northeast United States, with most of this increase occurring over the past four decades. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of winter frost days (FD) and warm nights (TN90) and also winter consecutive dry days...

We propose a new image segmentation technique called strings. A string is a variational deformable model that is learned from a collection of example objects rather than built from a priori analytical or geometrical knowledge. As opposed to existing approaches, an object boundary is represented by a one-dimensional multivariate curve in functional space, a feature function, rather than by a poi...

An improved index for real-time monitoring and forecast verification 7 of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) is introduced using the recently de-8 veloped nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis (NLSA) technique. Using NLSA, a 9 hierarchy of Laplace-Beltrami (LB) eigenfunctions are extracted from unfiltered 10 daily rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project over the ...

The defense meteorological satellite program (DMSP) operational linescan system (OLS) sensors have imaged emitted light from Earth’s surface since the 1970s. Temporal overlap in the missions of 5 OLS sensors allows for intercalibration of the annual composites over the past 19 years (Elvidge et al., 2009). The resulting image time series captures a spatiotemporal signature of the growth and evo...

In climate studies, detecting spatial patterns that largely deviate from the sample mean still remains a statistical challenge. Although a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or equivalently a Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) decomposition, is often applied for this purpose, it provides meaningful results only if the underlying multivariate distribution is Gaussian. Indeed, PCA is based on ...

Central Pacific (CP) and Eastern Pacific (EP) type ENSO events are inves-2 tigated using linear inverse modeling (LIM). Optimal initial conditions and growth 3 rates for CP or EP ENSO events are identified explicitly using a CP or EP ENSO 4 norm. The dominant difference in initial conditions that lead to CP and EP ENSO 5 events is the role of the second empirical orthogonal function of tropical...