The Arabic alphabetical orthographic system has various unique features that include the existence of emphatic phonemic letters. These represent several pairs of letters that share a phonological similarity and use the same parts of the articulation system. The phonological and articulatory similarities between these letters lead to spelling errors where the subject tends to produce a pseudohom...

Between phonological forms and their orthographic representations a close connection can be established. Previous psycholinguistic research has amply illustrated that word recognition can be influenced by orthography (Perre & Ziegler, 2008; Taft, 2001) and that orthography plays a role in phonemic awareness (Cheung, Chen, Lai, Wong, & Hills, 2001; Tyler & Burnham, 2006). However, despite the lo...

Robots play such remarkable roles in humans’ modern lives that performing many tasks without them isimpossible. Using robotic systems is gradually increasing the tasks allocated to them and they are becomingmore complex and critical. Software reliability is one of the most significant requirements of robots. Forenhancing reliability, systems should be inherently designed to be tolerable of soft...

The colorimetric error depends on the spectrophotometric inaccuracy. In this paper, a ‎new method is introduced for determining the relationship between spectrophotometric ‎error and colorimetric inaccuracy. The error propagation in colorimetric parameter ‎calculation is evaluated using a linear relation between variance of reflectance spectra ‎and CIE tristimulus values. This linear formula ca...

background about one third of unwanted reported medication consequences are due to medication errors, resulting in one-fifth of hospital injuries. objectives the aim of this study was determined formal and informal medication errors of nurses and the level of importance of factors in refusal to report medication errors among nurses. patients and methods the cross-sectional study was done on the...