Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is a clinical problem in patients under chronic steroid therapy. To delineate the action of glucocorticoids on osteoblasts, we performed microarray analysis using rat primary osteoblasts and identified several glucocorticoid target genes. We validated the dexamethasone-induced upregulation of CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBP ), endothelial PAS-dom...

Chemerin is a widely distributed multifunctional secreted protein implicated in immune cell migration, adipogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, angiogenesis, myogenesis, and glucose homeostasis. Chemerin message is regulated by nuclear receptor agonists, metabolic signaling proteins and intermediates, and proinflammatory cytokines. Following translation chemerin is secreted as an inactive pro-protein,...

The association of diabetes mellitus with increased fracture risk is well established, and is observed in both diabetes type 1 and type 2, due to multiple causes. Evidence from rodents suggests that thiazolidinediones (TZD), by activation of PPAR-gamma, cause increased bone marrow adiposity, with decreased osteoblastogenesis resulting in bone loss. Initial studies in humans evidence higher frac...

The secreted cystine-knot protein sclerostin was first identified from genetic screening of patients suffering from the rare bone-overgrowth diseases sclerosteosis and van Buchem disease. Sclerostin acts a negative regulator of bone growth through inhibiting the canonical Wnt signalling cascade by binding to and blocking the Wnt co-receptor LRP5/6. Its function in blocking osteoblastogenesis ma...

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active metabolite of vitamin D (Vit D), increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate, maintaining a correct balance of bone remodeling. Vit D has an anabolic effect on the skeletal system and is key in promoting osteoblastic differentiation of human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) from bone marrow. MSCs can be also isolated from the immatu...

The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ is a crucial cellular and metabolic switch that regulates many physiologic and disease processes. Emerging evidence reveals that PPARγ is also a key modulator of skeletal remodeling. Long-term use of rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARγ agonist and a drug to treat insulin resistance, increases fracture rates among patients with...

Myostatin is mainly secreted by skeletal muscle and negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. However, the roles of myostatin on bone metabolism are still largely unknown. Here, we recruited two large populations containing 6308 elderly Chinese and conducted comprehensive statistical analyses to evaluate the associations among lean body mass (LBM), plasma myostatin, and bone mineral density ...

Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling is indispensable for osteoblast differentiation during endochondral bone development in the mouse embryo. We have previously shown that the Gli2 transcription activator critically mediates Ihh function in osteoblastogenesis. To explore the possibility that activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling may enhance bone formation, we generated mice that expressed a constit...

Bone defect is one of the challenges for dentists in process healing bone tissue. can occur alveolar with etiology microorganisms and cyst expansion. In addition, cases defects are also often found treatment apex resection hemisection. Autologous graft a clinical gold standard defect. However, use has limited number growth factors produced. Tissue engineering latest method terms regeneration. t...