This paper argues that outdoor leader education and training is generally characterized by the development of procedural skills at the expense of equally crucial but usually ignored, ‘soft skills’ (for example, contextualized decision making and reflection). Consequently, this risks producing practitioners with a potentially unsophisticated and limited awareness of the holistic outdoor environm...

BACKGROUND In Finland, children spend a lot of time outdoors in winter. Outdoor recreation in winter has a wide variety of effects on children's well-being. Although children are a subgroup that is vulnerable to cold exposure, remarkably little research has been done on the subject. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe children's outdoor recreation, cold exposure and symptoms in wi...

Mold specific quantitative PCR (MSQPCR) was used to measure the concentrations of the 36 mold species in indoor and outdoor air samples that were taken simultaneously for 48 h in and around 17 homes in Cincinnati, Ohio. The total spore concentrations of 353 per m(3) of indoor air and 827 per m(3) of outdoor air samples were significantly different (p<or=0.05). However, only the concentrations o...

The ability to detect the status of pedestrian signals at street intersections is a critical aspect of safe outdoor navigation for the blind and visually-impaired, especially in unfamiliar environments. Existing outdoor navigation devices for the blind prove insufficient in providing such guidance due to their reliance on limited mobile computational resources. In this work, we propose a mobile...

Adequate sun protection is often neglected during occupational outdoor work. To investigate the acceptance and usability of sunscreens during outdoor work a single-blind, randomized-controlled, cross-over trial was performed in 40 subjects. Two sunscreen formulations were used daily on working days for 4 weeks at a time, with a wash-out phase before crossover. The primary outcome was overall ac...

We consider the problem of autonomous navigation in an unstructured outdoor environment. The goal is for a small outdoor robot to come into a new area, learn about and map its environment, and move to a given goal at modest speeds (1 m/s). This problem is especially difficult in outdoor, off-road environments, where tall grass, shadows, deadfall, and other obstacles predominate. Not surprisingl...

We developed a multimedia satellite network system based on the Internet protocol (IP) and personal computers. It enables collaborative distance education between outdoor and indoor environments. Integration of IP technologies and satellite communications enhances the flexibility of the network system. The satellite communication system enables us to communicate to and from outdoor environments...

The proliferation of mobile computing has prompted navigation to be one of the most attractive and promising applications. Conventional designs of navigation systems mainly focus either indoor or outdoor navigation. However, people have a strong need for navigation from a large open indoor environment to an outdoor destination in real life. In this poster, we present a joint navigation system, ...

The present study was to determine the concentration, in terms of monthly and seasonal distribution and in relation to meteorological factors, of indoor and outdoor airborne fungal spores in poultry farm at Bangalore. Samples were collected at fortnightly for a period of one year in duplicates between January 2011 to December 2011 by using Andersen two stage viable air sampler petri plates cont...

Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), is a severe pest of small fruit and nursery crops around the world. These studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema riobrave) applied in infected host cadavers or as aqueous applications for black vine weevil larval contr...