Trichoderma spp. are fungi that occur worldwide. Recent studies show that they are not only parasites of fungal plant pathogens but also can produce antibiotics. In addition, certain strains can induce systemic and localized resistance to several plant pathogens. Moreover, some strains may enhance plant growth and development. The potential of Trichoderma species used as biological agents of pl...

The outbreak of frosty (Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (Phytophthora palmivora) in Central American cacao agroforests throughout the 1980s led to breeding Theobroma clones resistant these diseases. However, while clonal disease resistance has been well-documented, adaptability contrasting pedoclimates remains less understood. Plant functional responses environmental constraints can be ass...

Changing environmental conditions can generate abiotic stress, such as the scarcity of water and exposure to chemicals. This includes biotic stress like Phytophthora palmivora infection, which causes leaf fall disease inhibits growth rate para rubber seedlings, resulting in economic loss. To prevent stresses, biocontrol agents cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) from Bacillus spp. have been introduced r...